Exploring the abundance and influencing factors of antimicrobial resistance genes in manure plasmidome from swine farms

Plasmids play a critical role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), however, a systematical understanding of ARGs originated from plasmids in swine production is currently lacking. Herein, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to determine the prevalence of ten ARGs and the class1 integron gene intI1 of plasmid source in swine manure from 44 farms in Sichuan, Hubei and Hebei provinces, China. All assayed ARGs were observed in plasmid DNA samples, and the average absolute abundance of aac(6’)-Ib-cr, bla_NDM, bla_CTX-M, optrA, ermB, floR, mcr-1, qnrS, tetM, sul1 and intI1 were 7.09, 2.90, 4.67, 6.62, 7.55, 7.14, 4.08, 4.85, 7.16, 7.11 and 8.07 of 10 log copies/gram, respectively. IntI1 showed a high correlation (r > 0.8, P < 0.01) with the abundance of aac(6’)-Ib-cr and sul1 in swine manure. Moreover, the farm scale (i.e., herd population) and geographical location were not found to be critical factors influencing the absolute abundance of ARGs of plasmid DNA in swine farms. However, the concentrations of florfenicol, Cu, Zn, Fe, total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) demonstrated a significant correlation with the abundance of several ARGs. Particularly, Cu and Zn had high correlations with optrA and bla_CTX-M, respectively. Our results demonstrated that antibiotics, heavy metals and environmental nutrients are likely jointly contributing to the long-term persistence of ARGs in swine production. This study provides insights into the abundance and influencing factors of ARGs from swine manure, which is of significance for assessing and reducing the public health risks in livestock production.     

昆明红壤环境下酸沉降对二种树木生长的影响

将昆明红壤人工酸化后进行树木生长实验。发现昆明红壤的酸缓冲能力非常大。在 12 0meqH /Lsoil的酸添加处理区也没有发现树木生长的显著下降。根据实际情况判断 ,认为没有必要继续加大酸添加强度进行实验     

曝气生态滤池中微生物群落组成及物种多样性

为研究曝气生态滤池滤料表面物种多样性及其净水机理,通过高通量测序和生物信息分析对曝气生态滤池（EAF）中2种填料的不同DO区域微生物丰度和多样性进行研究和分析.结果表明,在EAF运行过程中,变形菌门所占比例均在71%以上,具有绝对优势,优势菌群的大量增殖使装置具有较高的TN去除率（67%）,其中好氧区海绵铁表面样本优势菌群比例最高,达到77.49%,表明海绵铁在曝气条件下更适合优势菌群变形菌门的繁殖;Alpha多样性分析发现EAF内填料表面生物膜中微生物菌落丰度均高于空白样,表明EAF较自然环境更适合微生物生长;Beta多样性分析发现装置由于曝气使优势菌群变形菌门在填料表面大量繁殖,限制了其他菌种繁殖,虽然生物多样性略有降低,但随着优势菌群大量增殖从而提升了对TN的去除能力.     

Characterization of a new smog chamber for evaluating SAPRC gas-phase chemical mechanism

A new state-of-the-art indoor smog chamber facility (CAPS-ZJU) has been constructed and characterized at Zhejiang University, which is designed for chemical mechanism evaluation under well-controlled conditions. A series of characterization experiments were performed to validate the well-established experimental protocols, including temperature variation pattern, light spectrum and equivalent intensity (J_NO2), injection and mixing performance, as well as gases and particle wall loss. In addition, based on some characterization experiments, the auxiliary wall mechanism has been setup and examined. Fifty chamber experiments were performed across a broad range of experimental scenarios, and we demonstrated the ability to utilize these chamber data for evaluating SAPRC chemical mechanism. It was found that the SAPRC-11 can well predict the O₃ formation and NO oxidation for almost all propene runs, with 6 hr Δ(O₃ – NO) model error of –3% ± 7%, while the final O₃ was underestimated by ~20% for isoprene experiments. As for toluene and p-xylene experiments, it was confirmed that SAPRC-11 has significant improvement on aromatic chemistry than earlier version of SAPRC-07, although the aromatic decay rate was still underestimated to some extent. The model sensitivity test has been carried out, and the most sensitive parameters identified are the initial concentrations of reactants and the light intensity as well as HONO offgasing rate and O₃ wall loss rate. All of which demonstrated that CAPS-ZJU smog chamber could derive high quality experimental data, and could provide insights on chamber studies and chemical mechanism development.     

Carbon reduction potential and cost evaluation of different mitigation approaches in China's coal to olefin Industry

Coal-based olefin (CTO) industry as a complement of traditional petrochemical industry plays vital role in China's national economic development. However, high CO₂ emission in CTO industry is one of the fatal problems to hinder its development. In this work, the carbon emission and mitigation potentials by different reduction pathways are evaluated. The economic cost is analyzed and compared as well. According to the industry development plan, the carbon emissions from China's CTO industry will attain 189.43 million ton CO₂ (MtCO₂) and 314.11 MtCO₂ in 2020 and 2030, respectively. With the advanced technology level, the maximal carbon mitigation potential could be attained to 15.3% and 21.9% in 2020 and 2030. If the other optional mitigation ways are combined together, the carbon emission could further reduce to some extent. In general, the order of mitigation potential is followed as: feedstock alteration by natural gas > CO₂ hydrogenation with renewable electricity applied > CCS technology. The mitigation cost analysis indicates that on the basis of 2015 situation, the economic penalty for feedstock alteration is the lowest, ranged between 186 and 451 CNY/tCO₂, and the cost from CCS technology is ranged between 404 and 562 CNY/tCO₂, which is acceptable if the CO₂ enhanced oil recovery and carbon tax are considered. However, for the CO₂ hydrogenation technology, the cost is extremely high and there is almost no application possibility at present.     

滤池滤料上细菌数的预处理方法优化

为优化生物活性炭滤池活性炭上细菌数的流式细胞术定量分析的预处理方法,本研究考察了4种物理预处理方式（机械振荡、低能量超声、高能量超声、机械振荡耦合高能量超声）以及4种化学预处理方式（含10%的柠檬酸（Citric Acid,CA）和2.5%的羟基乙酸（Glycolic acid,GA）混合液（CA+GA）、溶菌酶、吐温20、乙二胺四乙酸）对流式细胞术测定活性炭滤料上细菌数的影响,结果表明,在无菌超纯水为提取液时,机械振荡耦合高能量超声预处理后测定的细菌数最高（9.7（±1.2）×10⁷ cells·g^-1（以WW活性炭计,下同））,是最佳的物理预处理方式.0.1% CA+GA为最优的化学分散剂,耦合机械振荡与1次高能量超声预处理后细胞累积回收率较空白组（无菌超纯水）提高了21%±17%,其活细菌数也最高（约1.0×10⁷ cells·g^-1）;耦合机械振荡与3次高能量超声预处理后,分离的生物膜细菌量最高（1.5（±0.2）×10⁸ cells·g^-1）,证明0.1% CA+GA耦合机械振荡与3次高能量超声是利用流式细胞术测定活性炭生物膜的细菌数的最佳预处理方式.     

延长缺氧水力停留时间对A-AAO工艺氮磷去除影响的研究

相比传统厌氧-缺氧-好氧(简称AAO)脱氮除磷工艺,改良AAO工艺(定义为A-AAO)增加了回流污泥的硝酸盐反硝化区并对进水多点分配,氮磷去除能力得到显著提高。为进一步优化A-AAO的除污染能力,本研究以A-AAO工艺后2部分缺氧和好氧段(AO段)为对象,研究AO段水力停留时间改变对A-AAO工艺脱氮除磷的影响。试验采用两套小试规模A-AAO工艺(定义为1#和2#反应器)开展研究,1#反应器缺氧段及好氧段停留时间分别为5.5 h和10 h,2#反应器缺氧段及好氧段停留时间分别为2.5 h和13 h。研究结果表明:总停留时间不变,缩短好氧停留时间而延长缺氧停留时间有助于氮磷的去除。1#和2#反应器总氮和总磷平均去除率分别为61.36%、57.08%和85.72%、82.0%。     

农业非点源污染研究方法分析

非点源污染受到人们越来越多的重视,尤以农业非点源污染为重。该文在对农业非点源污染的来源、特征介绍的基础上,对国内外农业非点源污染负荷模拟模型进行了梳理,根据国内学者对入河系数、农田种植、畜禽养殖和农村生活等方面的研究做了概述,并在流域监测、3S技术、污染源区识别以及多领域结合等方面对整个农业非点源污染负荷的研究进行了建议和展望,最后对该文所述进行了总结。     

荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的机械化学硫化

以硫化钠为硫化剂,机械化学硫化荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅,实现金属铅向硫化铅快速转化.通过单因素实验,考察了不同机械化学硫化条件,即球磨时间、球磨转速和球料比对硫化率的影响,并通过XRD、SEM和粒度对硫化产物进行表征.结果表明,硫化率随球磨时间和球磨转速的增大而增大,随球料比的增大先增大后减小,当球磨转速为750r/min、球磨时间为120min、球料比为50：1g/g时,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的硫化率可达96.18%.XRD结果表明,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的机械化学硫化产物为PbS、SEM和粒度结果表明,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃的粒径随球磨转速和球磨时间的增加而减小.     

天津冬季一次污染过程中NOx和O3的立体分布特征

由于大气是一个复杂介质,低层大气中湍流的存在使物质和能量的交换很剧烈,污染物的扩散传输现象明显.对不同高度不同区域的低层大气做立体观测,获取气态污染物浓度分布最直接的资料很有必要.综合利用地面观测站点、系留气球和飞机平台,于2016年11月25—26日在天津武清高村一次污染天气条件下对NO_x和O₃进行立体观测,得到了污染物的地面、垂直和低空区域分布特征,并结合气象因子进行分析研究.观测结果表明,地面$\varphi $（NO_x）水平较高,日均值为230×10-9,超过了GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准的限值,反映了高村冬季较高的污染水平,主要受当地交通源排放的影响.$\varphi $（NO_x）随高度的上升呈下降趋势,受风速的影响明显,主要积聚在逆温层以下.低空$\varphi $（NO_x）市区高于郊区,而处于更远郊区的高村$\varphi $（NO_x）与市区相当,也反映了高村本地较高的NO_x污染.高村地面$\varphi $（O₃）低,日最大8 h平均值为8×10-9,反映了冬季低温辐射弱、光化学反应强度低的特点.随高度增加$\varphi $（O₃）呈上升趋势,垂直分布特征主要与温度层结有关.低空$\varphi $（O₃）呈郊区高于市区,高村（远郊区）高于近郊区的特征.研究显示,$\varphi $（NO_x）的升高导致$\varphi $（O₃）下降,这可能与高村冬季的$\varphi $（VOCs）/$\varphi $（NO_x）偏低有关,需要结合VOCs观测数据做进一步分析.