Pyrolysis characteristics of organic components of municipal solid waste at high heating rates

The pyrolysis characteristics of six representative organic components of municipal solid waste (MSW) and their mixtures were studied in a specially designed thermogravimetric analysis apparatus with a maximum recorded heating rate of 864.8 degrees Cmin(-1). The pyrolysis behavior of individual components was described by the Avrami-Erofeev equation. The influence of final temperature on individual components was studied, and it was concluded that final temperature was a factor in reaction speed and intensity, but that it played only a limited role in determining the reaction mechanism. The interactions between different components were evaluated, and it was concluded that the interaction between homogeneous materials was minimal, whereas the interaction between polyethylene and biomass was significant.     

城市污泥微波干化工艺及干化特性研究

采用微波和烘箱结合及全程烘箱2种方式对城市污泥干化进行对比研究,考察了不同粒径、微波干化预处理、预处理时间及烘箱温度对污泥干燥特性的影响。结果表明,同一温度条件下,微波预处理时间越长,污泥干化速率越快。最优条件下,全程烘箱污泥达到最大干化速率的含水率为77%。微波干燥污泥具有时间短、干燥速率大的特点,微波和烘箱结合对比全程烘箱干化速率高且能耗低。     

不同粒径炉渣对磷的静态吸附

研究了不同粒级炉渣对含磷废水的静态等温吸附性能,为其在污水处理领域的有效利用和合理级配提供理论依据。经筛分得到<0.2 mm、0.2~0.45 mm、0.45~0.9 mm、0.9~2 mm、2~4 mm、4~6 mm、≥6 mm的7个粒级的供试炉渣,其中0.9~4 mm粒级占总量的64.54%。XRD、XRF分析显示,各粒级炉渣物相组成相似,<0.2 mm粒级炉渣中活性铝含量最高。静态吸附实验表明,炉渣对磷素的最大吸附量为4 021 mg/kg,最佳吸附时间为24 h;Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线可较好地拟合各粒级炉渣对溶液中磷素的吸附,而小于0.9 mm粒级炉渣具有更高的拟合度;炉渣粒径越小,吸附能力越强,<0.2 mm粒级炉渣的理论饱和吸附容量达14 084 mg/kg,≥6 mm粒级炉渣吸附磷素能力差;受粒径、溶液含磷浓度等因素影响,炉渣的平均理论吸附容量为1 142.4 mg/kg。     

市政污泥与生活垃圾混烧技术验证

对市政污泥与生活垃圾混烧进行了验证研究。结果表明,与生活垃圾单独焚烧相比,污泥与生活垃圾混烧后烟气中NOx、CO和HCl的浓度没有出现明显变化,而SO2浓度出现了下降（从82～93mg／m3下降至41～70mg／m3）;Hg、Pb、Sn、Cr和Zn的浓度均表现为不同程度的上升,但仍然符合GB[g485;二恶英从0．0087μgTEQ／m3降至O．0047μgTEQ／m3。掺烧半干污泥比例为10％、12％和15％时,吨物质的发电量分别为311．8kWh／t、306．7kWh／t和296．1kwh／t。混烧污泥在一定程度上降低了系统的发电量,因此建议混烧污泥的比例不应大于15％。测算的污泥混烧成本约209元／t（80％含水率）。     

The emission inventory of atmospheric industrial pollution sources of the five cities in Zhejiang Province

The amount of several air pollutants emitted in some cities including Hangzhou,Ningbo,Huzhou,Shaoxing and Jiaxing of Zhejiang Province is based on pollution source census data of Zhejiang Province in 2010.This paper focused on the release of air pollutants such as NO_(x2),SO_2,CO,PM2.5,PM10 and VOC,and calculated the total amount of those air pollutants.It analyzed air pollutant emission factors and found that the electricity and heat production industry released the largest amount of pollutants.     

基于区间直觉模糊集的水资源配置群决策研究

水资源问题是我国面临的重要资源与环境问题。流域水资源配置的有效性缺失也使水资源问题进一步恶化,而水资源配置过程中大量不确定信息也使高效决策问题更加困难。基于区间直觉模糊群决策的水资源配置方案优化方法,分析了水资源系统作为复杂系统的特殊性和区间直觉模糊理论在群决策中应用的优势,利用区间模糊数来表达专家判断信息,提高了流域水资源配置方案的合理性。通过多个水资源领域专家的群体决策,从流域水资源可持续利用评价视角出发,针对流域的社会、经济、资源、环境等多个因素进行判断,利用IIWAA算子进行群体意见集成,最后根据流域指标与理想点逼近点的距离对流域水资源配置方案排序。通过赣抚平原灌区内的用水区域在不同方案情景下的水资源可持续利用实例分析表明,该方法能够比较准确地评估出流域水资源配置方案的可持续性,为流域的水资源配置方案制定提供有效合理的决策支持     

基于HHT的三峡水库蓄水后坝下游水情多尺度时频特征

利用基于噪声辅助经验模态分解（EEMD）的改进型希尔伯特-黄变换（HHT）,对三峡蓄水后8 a的三峡日入库、出库流量和坝下各水文站日水情信号进行多尺度时频分析,并与连续小波和离散小波变换进行异同性比较。结果表明,三峡蓄水后2004～2011年三峡日入库、出库流量和宜昌、大通站日径流量均具显著的1 a尺度主周期振荡规律,三峡季节性调蓄对坝下流量1 a尺度的主周期振荡规律无显著影响。三峡蓄水后河口北支江水位的半月主周期振荡特征始终占主导地位,表明三峡调蓄影响下上游来水量变化对河口北支水位波动的影响权重小于河口自身海潮波动的影响权重。与离散小波变换固定频带下的信号分解比较,基于HHT的水文信号多尺度分解有更好的自适应性;与连续小波变换比较,HHT方法在水文信号高频部分周期振荡特征的揭示和频域混叠现象的避免方面更具优势     

安徽省沿江地区棉花生长季气候变化特征及其对产量的影响

为进一步了解安徽省沿江地区棉花生长季气候变化特征及其对产量的影响,以安徽省沿江地区12个棉花主产市、县气象观测站1961～2010年逐日平均气温、降水量和日照时数气象数据为基础,采用线性趋势法和Mann Kendall非参数检验法,分析了平均气温、≥10℃积温、降水量、日照时数等气象要素的变化特征,并讨论其变化对棉花气象产量的影响。结果表明：近50 a,安徽省沿江地区棉花生长季平均气温和≥10℃积温均呈明显增加趋势(P<001),平均每10 a分别增加016℃和3713℃·d;降水量无明显变化趋势(P>005);日照时数显著减少(P<001),平均每10 a减少4692 h。棉花气象产量与生长季降水量、日照时数呈极显著相关关系,与平均气温、≥10℃积温相关不明显;平均气温、≥10℃积温和日照时数的增加均有利于棉花产量的提高,而降水过多不利于棉花产量的形成     

Effects of estrone on the early life stages and expression of vitellogenin and estrogen receptor genes of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The fertilized eggs of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to estrone (E1) at 5–5000 ng L⁻¹ for 15 d, and the hatched fry were exposed continuously to the same concentrations for the additional 15 d. Adverse effects on hatchability, time to hatching, and gross abnormalities occurred at 50 ng L⁻¹ or above. Then the fry were divided into a continual exposure group, and a water recovery group. When the fry were exposed to E1 for another 60 d, there was a decrease in the hepatosomatic index (HSI) of males and the influence disappeared in the water recovery group. The gonadosonatic index (GSI) of females at 500 ng L⁻¹ decreased significantly in another 60 d exposure. While the fry were maintained in dechlorinated tap water for 60 d, a significant decrease in female GSI was observed at 50 ng L⁻¹ or above. An increased GSI was found in males in both continual exposure and water recovery groups at all E1 treatments. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that vitellogenin-I (Vtg-I) gene expressions in the female liver were significantly down-regulated at 50 ng L⁻¹ in the continual exposure group, and at 500 ng L⁻¹ in the water recovery group, while male Vtg-I genes were significantly up-regulated for all E1 treatments. In addition, all E1 treatments caused sex reversal of males. These results suggest that E1 at 5 ng L⁻¹ or above have unrecoverable impacts on the gonadal growth and development of medaka, even if only early life stages were exposed to E1.     

Food utilization and growth of cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae exposed to nickel,and its effect on reproductive potential

Food utilization and growth of the 5th and 6th instar Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae, and its effect on reproduction potential was evaluated by feeding larvae diets with different doses of Ni for 3 generations. Dose-dependent relationships between Ni levels and food consumption and growth were variable with different larval developmental period and Ni exposure duration. RCR, AD and RGR of the 6th instar larvae were much more affected by Ni exposure than those of 5th instar larvae, and the effects were strongest in the 3rd generation. It was found that RCR was significantly stimulated after 1 and 20 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure, while AD was significantly inhibited after 1, 5, 10 and 40 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure. However, lower levels of Ni (?5 mg kg⁻¹) significantly increased and higher levels of Ni (?10 mg kg⁻¹) significantly decreased RGR. In 3 successive generations, 10 mg kg⁻¹ Ni significantly increased the ECI and ECD of the 5th instar larvae, and 5 mg kg⁻¹ Ni significantly increased the ECD of the 6th instar larvae. However, ECD were all significantly inhibited with 20 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure. Results also revealed that durations of larvae were shortened at low levels of Ni, but extended at high levels of Ni. Fecundity was inhibited by the highest Ni doses in each generation, while improved by low Ni doses in the 3rd generation. Hatching rates in all treatments were significantly decreased in a Ni dose-dependent manner. Study indicated that effects of Ni on these parameters were predominant with the increasing Ni exposure period.