Fungicidal values of bio-oils and their lignin-rich fractions obtained from wood/bark fast pyrolysis

Pine wood, pine bark, oak wood and oak bark were pyrolyzed in an auger reactor. A total of 16 bio-oils or pyrolytic oils were generated at different temperatures and residence times. Two additional pine bio-oils were produced at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in a fluidized-bed reactor at different temperatures. All these bio-oils were fractionated to obtain lignin-rich fractions which consist mainly of phenols and neutrals. The pyrolytic lignin-rich fractions were obtained by liquid-liquid extraction. Whole bio-oils and their lignin-rich fractions were studied as potential environmentally benign wood preservatives to replace metal-based CCA and copper systems that have raised environmental concerns. Each bio-oil and several lignin-rich fractions were tested for antifungal properties. Soil block tests were conducted using one brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and one white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor). The lignin-rich fractions showed greater fungal inhibition than whole bio-oils for a impregnation solution 10% concentration level. Water repellence tests were also performed to study wood wafer swelling behavior before and after bio-oil and lignin-rich fraction treatments. In this case, bio-oil fractions did not exhibit higher water repellency than whole bio-oils. Comparison of raw bio-oils in soil block tests, with unleached wafers, at 10% and 25% bio-oil impregnation solution concentration levels showed excellent wood preservation properties at the 25% level. The good performance of raw bio-oils at higher loading levels suggests that fractionation to generate lignin-rich fractions is unnecessary. At this more effective 25% loading level in general, the raw bio-oils performed similarly. Prevention of leaching is critically important for both raw bio-oils and their fractions to provide decay resistance. Initial tests of a polymerization chemical to prevent leaching showed some success.     

umu试验菌种保存条件优化研究

研究了umu试验菌株(Salmonella typhimurimu TA1535/pSK1002)的菌种在普通冰箱中保存时其生长曲线和活性的变化,菌种经活化后可以得到稳定的活化生长曲线以及比较稳定的4-NQO活性曲线.通过菌种活化,使得umu试验菌种在普通冰箱中保存就能具有很好的活性和稳定性,极大地降低了保存难度,简化了菌种保存操作步骤,增加了试验的可重复性,有利于umu试验在实际环境样品检测中的应用.     

Potentially toxic metal contamination of urban soils and roadside dust in Shanghai, China

A detailed investigation was conducted to understand the contamination characteristics of a selected set of potentially toxic metals in Shanghai. The amount of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni were determined from 273 soil/dust samples collected within urban area. The results indicated that concentration of all metals except Ni in soils was significant, and metal pollution was even severer in roadside dust. A series of metal spatial distribution maps were created through geostatistical analysis, and the pollution hotspots tended to associate with city core area, major road junctions, and the regions close to industrial zones. In attempt of identifying the source of metals through geostatistical and multivariate statistical analyses, it was concluded as follows: Pb, Zn and Cu mainly originated from traffic contaminants; soil Ni was associated with natural concentration; Cd largely came from point-sourced industrial pollution; and Cr, Ni in dust were mainly related to atmospheric deposition.     

Degradation characteristics and metabolic pathway of 4-nitrophenol by a halotolerant bacterium Arthrobacter sp. CN2

Arthrobacter sp. strain CN2, capable of degrading 4-nitrophenol, was isolated from activated sludge. Degradation of 4-nitrophenol was optimized at pH 7.7, 30?°C, and 0.53% of glucose. Salt tolerance of 4-nitrophenol degradation was as high as 6% (w/v). Several biodegradation intermediates were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 4-Nitrocatechol is involved in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol by CN2. Scale-up of 4-nitrophenol degradation was conducted in a bioreactor with different salinity. When the salinity was below 7%, the degradation rate of 4-nitrophenol was above 90% (100 mg L^?1, 3 L).     

建设项目竣工环境保护验收现状及建议

简述了当前建设项目竣工环境保护验收的现状,指出竣工环境保护验收存在权责不明、事中监管缺失、事后监管落地难、监测数据"失真"等问题,提出应落实建设单位的主体责任,规范建设项目竣工环境保护企业自行验收,加强事中、事后监管,整合建设单位监测数据,使验收监测数据发挥实效。     

生命周期评价在企业清洁生产中的应用

企业清洁生产是解决环境污染问题的重要手段。利用生命周期评价思想对企业的生产过程进行全面分析与评价，做好企业清洁生产的审计工作。     

蜡染印花生产废水的处理与综合利用

采用物理 、化学方 法，研究 了蜡 染 印花 生 产废 水的 处 理工 艺并 应 用于 废水 治 理工 程中 。实际运行 结果表 明：分流后 的洗蜡 废水经双 级气浮 处理，蜡回 收率和 废水回用 率可达９ ０ ％ 以上； 其他生产废水 经混凝 气浮 内电解 氧化沉 淀组合 工艺 处 理后 ，出 水水 质 达到 了国 家 排放 标准 。该 处理工艺设 备简单 、效果可靠 ，具有推 广使用价 值     

上海市大气细菌污染研究

采用平皿沉降法对上海市６个采用点的大气细菌，进行了为期一年的监测，并进行了菌株鉴定和影响因素的研究分析，结果表明，上海市全年大气细菌数量变化曲线呈双峰型；空气中优势菌群为：微球菌属，葡萄球菌属，奈瑟氏菌属，干燥棒状杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属等。     

复合光合细菌法处理化工高浓度有机废水研究

通过复合光合菌群对有机废水的降解试验，结果表明，复合菌群具有比单一光合细菌或普通活性污泥好的处理效果，降解效果高出１８％－３９％，在复合菌群中，光合细菌的优势度明显。     

环境影响综合评价灰色层次模型研究

针对水电工程环境影响综合评价问题，应用拓展的灰关联理论和最小二乘准则，建立了环境影响综合评价的灰色层次模型。以东江水电工程环境影响综合评价为实例说明了该模型的合理性、可信性。结果表明：此基工程使环境总体向理想的１８．１％