南方,中水回用的空间

从2000年《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划的建议》，首次提出了建设“节水型社会”构想，到“十一五”规划时期建设节水型社会的实施与发展，建设节水型社会逐渐被公众所广泛接受。建设节水型社会的核心是提高用水效率。在创建节水型社会的今天，各种节水措施都应该被广泛应用，最终形成合力，把一个节水型社会建没起来。其中，中水回用也应作为一个有益的、不可忽视的节水方式。     

消费观念的绿色嬗变

高消费刺激高生产，高生产导致资源高索取，高索取导致资源的高消耗、环境的高污染和生态系统的高破坏。对此，一个以“环保、节能、健康”为主题的绿色消费行动值得期待……[编者按]     

Evaluation of a prenatal screening procedure for β-thalassaemia carriers in a chinese populationbased on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Haemoglobin A₂ (HbA₂) levels were determined on 25 β-thalassaemia carriers by the microcolumn method and were found to range from 4.5–7.2 per cent (mean 5.2±0.82 S.D.). The haemoglobin level (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), plasma ferritin and HbA₂ levels were measured on a further 299 cconsecutive Chinese pregnant women at a gestation of less than 24 weeks. 18 patients (6 per cent) had HbA₂ level greater than 4.5 per cent and were diagnosed to be β-thalassaemic carriers. It was observed that all these patients had a MCV below 75 fl. If this level is selected in a screening procedure based on measurement of MCV alone all β-thalassaemia carriers could be detected and 11 per cent of the population screened would require HbA₂ estimation. At a lower cut-off level of 70 fl, 8 per cent of the population screened wouid require HbA₂ measurement (a decrease of 27 per cent) but the detection rate will be lowered considerably (83 per cent). The high false positive rate at all cut-off levels of MCV was largely due to the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in the population. Estimation of plasma ferritin level in patients with low MCV will reduce this false positive rate, but there will be a considerable delay in diagnosis in patients with concomitant iron deficiency and β-thalassaemia. The presence of iron deficiency in β-thalassaemia carriers did not reduce their HbA₂ level below the diagnostic range in this study. Measurement of Hb level did not appear to be useful as a screening method since one third of the β-thalassaemia carriers had a Hb level over 11 g/dl. The validity of the MCV cut-off levels derived from the first part of the study was assessed in screening a larger population. 61 β-thalassaemia carriers (6 per cent) were detected out of 1166 patients screened. This incidence was not significantly different from the first part of the study. All these 61 patients had a MCV less than 75 ml. It was concluded that a two-step screening policy, based on MCV measurement followed by HbA₂ estimation when the MCV value is less than 75 fl, is suitable for our population. It is efficient, straight forward with excellent sensitivity and required less time and effort for both laboratory staff and clinicians.     

Relationship between road traffic noisescape and urban form in Hong Kong

This paper reports on a study which explored the possible relationship between road traffic noisescape and urban form in Hong Kong. A total of 212 residential complexes from 11 contrasting urban forms were sampled, and their noise levels assessed both at dwelling and neighbourhood scales by noise mapping. Its findings indicate that residential complexes with different urban forms have significantly different noisescape attributes. There is a strong correlation between the noise characteristics and morphological indicators at the dwelling scale. A less obstreperous noisescape is associated with urban forms with lower road and building densities, and with building arrangements which provide self-noise screening. These findings suggest that urban form is an influential determinant of the noisescape in the urban environment, and they point to the need to rethink the conventional approach to managing the urban acoustic environment.     

Sea otters,social justice,and ecosystem‐service perceptions in Clayoquot Sound,Canada

We sought to take a first step toward better integration of social concerns into empirical ecosystem service (ES) work. We did this by adapting cognitive anthropological techniques to study the Clayoquot Sound social‐ecological system on the Pacific coast of Canada's Vancouver Island. We used freelisting and ranking exercises to elicit how locals perceive ESs and to determine locals’ preferred food species. We analyzed these data with the freelist‐analysis software package ANTHROPAC. We considered the results in light of an ongoing trophic cascade caused by the government reintroduction of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and their spread along the island's Pacific coast. We interviewed 67 local residents (n = 29 females, n = 38 males; n = 26 self‐identified First Nation individuals, and n = 41 non‐First Nation individuals) and 4 government managers responsible for conservation policy in the region. We found that the mental categories participants—including trained ecologists—used to think about ESs, did not match the standard academic ES typology. With reference to the latest ecological model projections for the region, we found that First Nations individuals and women were most likely to perceive the most immediate ES losses from the trophic cascade, with the most certainty. The inverse was found for men and non‐First Nations individuals, generally. This suggests that 2 historically disadvantaged groups (i.e., First Nations and women) are poised to experience the immediate impacts of the government‐initiated trophic cascade as yet another social injustice in a long line of perceived inequities. Left unaddressed, this could complicate efforts at multistakeholder ecosystem management in the region.     

Heavy Metal Contents and Magnetic Properties of Playground Dust in Hong Kong

This study examined the levels of seven heavy metals (namelyzinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese and iron) andtheir associations with magnetic properties in playground dustof Hong Kong. Results showed that the playground dust containedhigh concentrations of Zn (mean = 1883 g g^-1), Cu(mean = 143 g g^-1) and Cr (mean = 263 g g^-1).Qualitative examination of dust samples under microscope indicated local traffic as one of the important pollutant sources. Magnetic measurements indicated that these anthropogenicpollutants mainly consisted of coarse-grained multidomain (MD) ferrimagnetic minerals. Superparamagnetic (SP), stable single domain (SSD) ferrimagnetic grains and non-ferrimagnetic mineralswere present in relatively small amounts. Significant correlations between heavy metals and various magnetic parametersindicated a strong affinity of heavy metals to magnetic minerals hence pointed out the potential of magnetic properties for simpleand rapid proxy indications of heavy metal pollution in playground dust.     

粤港澳地区大气中有机污染物初步研究

用Ｔｅｋｍａｒ多填层吸附管连接ＴＭＰ－１５００空气采样采集ＶＯＣｓ样,然后在Ｔｅｋｍａｒ６０３２／３０００吹扫捕集系统与ＧＣ／ＭＳＤ联用仪上分析,用ＴＨ－１０００Ｌ型大量采样器收集ＴＳＰ气溶胶样,ＴＳＰ滤膜经抽提分离后,烷径和芳烃进行ＧＣ／ＭＳＤ分析,了广州,香港和澳门地区大气 有机物和气溶胶可溶有机物的与成因。     

广州街道空气中挥发烃类特征和来源分析

采用固相吸附－热脱附－色谱／质谱检测器联用的方法分析了广州市街道空气中的发挥有机物。样品采自广州市区街道的３２个采样点,主要探讨了其中单环芳烃和正构烷烃的特征和可能来源;选取１３种烃类化合物进行进一步的因子分析,结果表明,这些挥发烃类可能主要来自汽油机车、工业和柴油机车的排放。多元线性回归分析表明３种源对所选挥发烃类的平均贡献分别为６４％、２３％和１３％。