Removal of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge by isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria

The removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb) from anaerobically digested sludge from the Yuen Long wastewater treatment plant, Hong Kong, has been studied in a batch system using isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. The inoculation of indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria and the addition of FeSO4 accelerated the solubilization of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb from the sludge. pH of the sludge decreased with an increase in Fe2+ concentrations and reached a low pH of 2-2.5 for treatments receiving both bacterial inoculation and FeSO4. After 16 days of bioleaching, the following heavy metal removal efficiencies were obtained: Cr 55.3%, Cu 91.5%, Zn 83.3%, Ni 54.4%, and Pb 16.2%. In contrast, only 2.6% of Cr, 42.9% of Cu, 72.1% of Zn, 22.8% of Ni and 0.56% of Pb were extracted from the control without the bacterial inoculation and addition of FeSO4. The residual heavy metal content in the leached sludge was acceptable for unrestricted use for agriculture. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of using the isolated iron-oxidizing bacteria for the removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge.     

北京PM2.5化学物种的质量平衡特征

以北京2个采样点连续采集的样品对PM2.5中的元素、水溶性离子和含碳组分进行分析．车公庄和清华园PM2.5中有机物的含量分别为27．8％和30．9％,是含量最丰富的物种,其次是二次无机粒子、土壤尘、元素碳和微量元素．PM2.5中约有24％的质量未能鉴别成分,相关性分析表明,含碳物种的估算所引起的偏差可能是主要的原因．采暖期重污染周和春季沙尘周PM2.5的化学物种构成悬殊,反映了季节性变化的源排放和特殊气象条件的综合作用．     

城市机动车排放因子隧道试验研究

选取典型城市隧道进行机动车排放因子测试,应用隧道试验原理,通过连续48h的现场采样监测,获得了隧道内机动车排放污染物NO_x.CO、SO₂、PM₁₀、VOC和HC浓度、交通参数(车型、车速、交通流量)和气象参数(如风速、风量、温度、湿度)等实测数据.通过质量平衡计算出隧道内机动车NO_x.CO、SO₂、PM₁₀和HC的平均排放因子分别为1.379、15.404、0.142、0.637、1.857g·(km·辆)^-1.并在此基础上应用多元回归方法计算出8大类机动车各种排放污染物的单车排放因子.结果反映目前中国城市机动车污染物排放水平及各污染物排放特征.     

基于向量相似度原理的湖泊富营养化评价方法及其验证

为准确评价湖泊所处的营养状态,提出了基于向量相似度原理的湖泊富营养化评价方法.将富营养化的各级评价标准视为1个特征向量并进行无量纲化处理,然后计算各级特征向量与实测水质指标向量的相似度,归一化后得出各级评价标准对实测水质指标的权重,加权平均即可得出实测水质指标的富营养化综合评价级别.经全国30个湖库湖泊实测水质资料验证,向量相似度方法与随机评价方法、模糊评价方法、灰色评价方法相比较,有27个湖泊评价结果的差异不大于1个级别,其比例为90%.这说明4种方法的计算精度相当.     

不同燃料汽车排放超细微粒特性的实验研究

利用底盘测功机和粒径范围0.015~0.7 m的扫描迁移微粒测定仪 SMPS,对柴油出租车、柴油小巴车、汽油私家车和LPG出租车进行了高低怠速和10 kmh-1到70 kmh-1不同运行工况条件下排放的超细微粒粒径分布试验研究。研究表明：不同燃料车在不同工况条件下排放的细微粒尤其是超细微粒特征呈现显著的不同。柴油车贡献更多的是粒径在30～150 nm的核模态和积聚模态微粒,LPG和汽油车贡献更多的是15～30 nm的核模态微粒。总体上,柴油车比汽油车和LPG燃料车排放更多的微粒数和微粒质量;柴油车、汽油车和LPG车排放的SMPS可测细微粒总数、总质量分别约为(0.3~3.6) 108 cm-3,0.03~0.6 gcm-3;2.3×104~1.2×107 cm-3,8×10-5~0.1 gcm-3; 8.2×103~8.8×106 cm-3, 1.7×10-5~0.09 gcm-3;对所有测试汽车,在低怠速和低行驶速度时,排放微粒数少,在高怠速和高行驶速度时,排放微粒数多。     

Bioaccessibility of polychlorinated biphenyls in different foods using an in vitro digestion method

Bioaccessibility of organic pollutants in food is important for exposure estimation and risk assessment. An in vitro enzyme digestion experiment was carried out to analyze the bioaccessibility of PCBs in different foods including freshwater fish (bighead carp and oriental weather fish) and vegetables (spinach and cabbage). The results indicated that the bioaccessibility of PCBs in freshwater fish (3%) was much lower than that in leafy vegetables (25%). Based on field survey, the daily exposure TEQ value from these two types of food was 17.9 pg/kg bw/day. However, when bioaccessibility was taken into consideration, the value decreased to 0.61 pg/kg bw/day. Therefore, the forms of PCBs existing in food strongly influenced the bioavailability for humans, which may have important implications on dietary exposure. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to illustrate the bioaccessibility of PCBs in different foods using an in vitro digestion method.     

Redundant Measurements of Urban Air Monitoring Networks in Air Quality Reporting

Abstract

This paper describes a statistical method to assess site redundancy of urban air monitoring networks in reporting daily Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), average concentrations, and the number of exceedances. Such a statistical method has identified significant redundancy in monitoring sites for one-year measurements of two air monitoring networks in Taiwan. There are five redundant sites out of 15 monitoring sites in the Taipei area and eight redundant sites out of 18 monitoring sites in the Kaohsiung area. By using the statistical method presented in this paper to downsize the monitoring networks, we can determine not only the number of redundant sites but also the priority of site removals. The derived sub-networks can maintain consistency in reporting air quality without significant changes in the spatial variations of air measurements for an existing air monitoring network.     

Tissue-based environmental quality benchmarks and standards

Although the use of tissue concentrations (residues) of chemical contaminants as the dose metric to characterize chemical toxicity to aquatic organisms has been gaining acceptance over the past 20 years, tissue concentrations are less commonly used in water quality management and have yet to be formally adopted as benchmarks or environmental quality standards (EQS). This synthesis paper addresses advantages and disadvantages for the development and application of tissue-based EQS as an alternative and supplement to exposure-based EQS determined with water and sediment concentration data. Tissue-based EQS can be readily developed in parallel with conventional toxicity tests, and achieved by quantification of chemical concentrations in tissue alongside traditional concentration-response toxicity testing. Tissue-residue toxicity metrics can be used as benchmarks for screening and monitoring water and sediment quality, to derive equivalent water or sediment EQS, and for ecological risk assessments and weight of evidence approaches for assessing ecosystem impairment. Tissue-based toxicity metrics and associated EQS provide several advantages; however, there are some limitations to consider and key knowledge gaps to fill.     

Source apportionment of PAHs and n-alkanes in respirable particles in Tehran,Iran by wind sector and vertical profile

The vertical concentration profiles and source contributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in respirable particle samples (PM₄) collected at 10, 100, 200 and 300-m altitude from the Milad Tower of Tehran, Iran during fall and winter were investigated. The average concentrations of total PAHs and total n-alkanes were 16.7 and 591 ng/m³, respectively. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to the chemical composition and wind data to apportion the contributing sources. The five PAH source factors identified were: ‘diesel’ (56.3 % of total PAHs on average), ‘gasoline’ (15.5 %), ‘wood combustion, and incineration’ (13 %), ‘industry’ (9.2 %), and ‘road soil particle’ (6.0 %). The four n-alkane source factors identified were: ‘petrogenic’ (65 % of total n-alkanes on average), ‘mixture of petrogenic and biomass burning’ (15 %), ‘mixture of biogenic and fossil fuel’ (11.5 %), and ‘biogenic’ (8.5 %). Source contributions by wind sector were also estimated based on the wind sector factor loadings from PMF analysis. Directional dependence of sources was investigated using the conditional probability function (CPF) and directional relative strength (DRS) methods. The calm wind period was found to contribute to 4.4 % of total PAHs and 5.0 % of total n-alkanes on average. Highest average concentrations of PAHs and n-alkanes were found in the 10 and 100 m samples, reflecting the importance of contributions from local sources. Higher average concentrations in the 300 m samples compared to those in the 200 m samples may indicate contributions from long-range transport. The vertical profiles of source factors indicate the gasoline and road soil particle-associated PAHs, and the mixture from biogenic and fossil fuel source-associated n-alkanes were mostly from local emissions. The smaller average contribution of diesel-associated PAHs in the lower altitude samples also indicates that the restriction of diesel-fueled vehicle use in the central area of Tehran has been effective in reducing the PAHs concentration.     

稠油降解微生物的筛选鉴定及其降解特性

从二连油田原油和油层水中筛选驯化出3株能够降解稠油的细菌DS1、DS2和DS3,通过16S rRNA基因序列比对发现DS1、DS2和DS3分别与溶血不动杆菌(Acinetobacter haemolyticus)、鹑鸡肠球菌(Enterococcus gallinarum)和耳炎短杆菌(Brevibacterium otitidis)相似度最高,分别为99%、99%和98%。研究结果表明,DS1对温度和pH有较强耐受性,DS3对盐度的适应性较好,2株菌最适的降解条件为温度35~40℃、盐度2%~5%(W/V)、pH为7~10。在5%的原油浓度下,复合菌对原油的30 d降解率达89.2%。经GC-MS分析,微生物降解作用后,除C29其他烃类几乎被全部降解。3株菌在7d内对500 g/L粘度为1 746 mPa·s(50℃)的稠油降粘率分别为49.1%、46.6%和49.0%,而复合菌对稠油的降粘效果高于单一菌株,其降粘率达到57.0%。