海洋藻类病毒与赤潮防治

病毒是海洋中丰度最高的生物,全球海洋中大约有1030个病毒,海洋病毒的宿主包括从细菌到大型海洋生物等几乎所有的海洋生物.海洋病毒在调控种群结构及生物地球化学循环中起着至关重要的作用,并且,病毒可以通过水平基因转移来操控宿主的代谢活动.藻类病毒能够通过裂解藻类从而起到控制赤潮的作用.随着藻类病毒研究的不断发展,人们已经分离到大量的藻类病毒,包括双链或单链的DNA病毒及RNA病毒,其分布于细胞质或细胞核中.本文简要概述了海洋病毒研究方面的发展现状,及海洋病毒在生态环境中的重要作用.集中综述了藻类病毒(包括原核藻类病毒和真核藻类病毒)的研究进展,讨论了海洋藻类病毒与赤潮生物的关系.介绍了藻类病毒在赤潮控制方面所取得的一些成果,展望了藻类病毒调控赤潮的前景.我国在藻类病毒方面的探索研究还只是刚刚起步,研究藻类病毒的前景十分广阔.     

重金属离子胁迫对赤潮微藻的急性毒性

重金属污染和赤潮都是较为突出的海洋环境问题,为给相关研究提供基础试验数据,在实验室条件下研究了Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对米氏凯伦藻和微小原甲藻的急性毒性效应. 通过2种藻的EC₅₀(半数抑制浓度)比较了其敏感性差异,分析了不同浓度重金属胁迫对微藻的影响;同时,利用TEM (transmission electronic microscopy,透射电镜技术)和FCM (flow cytometry,流式细胞术)研究了重金属Cu2+的急性毒性胁迫在亚细胞水平上对米氏凯伦藻的损伤. 其中,Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对微小原甲藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为0.514和0.276 mg/L、0.835和1.215 mg/L及4.376和7.976 mg/L;对米氏凯伦藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为1.881和1.881 mg/L、5.405和6.268 mg/L及13.134 和18.732 mg/L. 结果表明:2种微藻的种群相对增长率随着胁迫浓度的增加而下降,3种重金属离子的毒性表现出Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+的趋势,微小原甲藻对重金属胁迫更敏感;Cu2+胁迫可使米氏凯伦藻细胞体积增大,内容物复杂程度增高,但叶绿素a的MFI(mean fluorescence intensity,平均荧光强度)的变化不明显;Cu2+胁迫对藻膜结构的损伤较明显,但对线粒体及叶绿体的结构影响不明显.      

Effect of placement angles on wireless electrocoagulation for bipolar aluminum electrodes

A new electrocoagulation process based on bipolar aluminum electrode is proposed. The placement angles of bipolar electrode are key parameter. The numerical simulations support the experimental results. We in our previous study reported the wireless electrocoagulation (WEC) based on bipolar electrochemistry for water purification. One of the most important advantages of WEC is the omission of ohmic connection between bipolar electrode (BPE) and power supply, and thus the electrochemical reactions on BPE are driven by electric field in solution induced by driving electrodes. In this study, the impact of placement angle of bipolar aluminum electrode on WEC was investigated to provide a detailed analysis on the correlations between the bipolar electrode placement angle and bipolar electrocoagulation reactions. The results showed that the WEC cell with a horizontal BPE placed at 0° produced the maximum dissolved aluminum coagulant, accounting for 71.6 % higher than that with a vertical one placed at 90°. Moreover, the finite element simulations of current and potential distribution were carried out along the surface of BPE at different placement angles, revealing the mechanism of different BPE placement angles on aluminum dissolution rates in WEC system.     

再生造纸废水低成本治理工艺优化及应用

通过对国内外再生造纸废水处理工艺的归纳与总结,结合再生造纸的工艺特点,提出再生造纸废水低成本治理工艺。采用锅炉烟气处理脱墨黑夜,漂白废水用于废水脱色,采用絮凝沉淀、过滤等物化+生化处理相结合的方法处理综合废水。实现废水多级回用,循环水使用率达80%～90%,少量废水达标排放,投资和运行费用可节省近50%。     

典型喀斯特表层岩溶带地下水化学特征——以贵州清镇王家寨喀斯特小流域为例

以喀斯特小流域为研究尺度,对清镇市王家寨退耕还林（草）示范区内的9个表层岩溶泉进行了一个水文年的系统监测,并借助SPSS统计软件开展了泉点的聚类分析研究,旨在从常规水化学角度为流域退化生态环境的恢复与重建提供科学依据。从结果来看,虽然所有泉点的水化学类型均为HCO3-Ca型,但是根据K＋、Na＋、Ca2＋、Mg2＋、F-、Cl-、NO3-、HCO3-、SO42-等指标的具体差异,还是可以将9个泉点分为3组：（1）位于流域上游分水岭处的S8、S9泉点,由于远离居民集聚区,受到人类活动的影响程度弱,泉水中EC和各主要离子的质量浓度均很低,[Ca2＋]＊与[HCO3-]的关系说明泉水流经地区的岩石类型主要为白云岩;（2）位于流域中部的S2、S3、S4、S5、S6和S7泉点,靠近居民点,受到人类活动的影响程度明显增强,泉水中EC和各主要离子的质量浓度也相应增大,[Ca2＋]＊与[HCO3-]具有与第一组泉水完全不同的特征,表明此组泉水流经地区的岩石类型为白云质灰岩;（3）位于流域下游的S1泉点,处于村寨下游,受到人类活动的影响最大,泉水中EC和各主要离子的质量浓度也很高,[Ca2＋]＊与[HCO3-]的关系与第二组泉点相似,但是[SO42-]和[F-]远高于前2组泉点,这可能是由于在泉水的运移路径上有富含石膏和氟的岩石存在。     

两种改良型A~2/O工艺处理城市污水的运行实例

以广东省佛山市甲、乙两间污水处理厂为例,从工艺特征、工艺参数、水质特点、存在问题及相应措施几个方面介绍了两种改良型A2/O工艺在不同进水条件下的运行情况。     

贵州土地复垦发展现状及其对策研究

详细分析了贵州省土地复垦的发展现状以及近年来所做的工作及成效,研究了矿山开采等活动对贵州省土地资源造成的破坏及生态危害,提出了具体的土地复垦的技术措施。为了实现能源、环境、社会、人口和经济的可持续发展,土地复垦是必然选择。     

浅析墨菲定律及海因里希法则对控制事故的作用

通过对墨菲定律及海因里希法则的分析,得出重视小概率事件和控制未遂事故的作用,可提高企业安全管理水平,达到预防和控制事故的目的。     

聚磷菌厌氧时吸收乙酸和丙酸的代谢模型

水体中存在过多的磷是造成水体富营养化的重要原因之一,聚磷菌（polyphosphate accumulating organisms）因为能过量吸收磷而倍受关注。厌氧时,聚磷菌能大量吸收污水中的挥发性脂肪酸,经过一系列的生化反应,为好氧吸磷做准备。经过总结在厌氧条件下,聚磷菌Accumulibacter吸收乙酸和丙酸代谢转化的化学计量方程,并对模型中系数、还原力的产生、糖原降解途径以及厌氧条件下最终产物PHA的组成进行了讨论,得出挥发酸是通过主动运输进入细胞,且糖原经过ED途径提供还原力,多聚磷酸盐水解提供ATP和释放磷酸盐于体外,最终产生PHA的假设过程。但是,经过众多模型试验,一些假设仍没有得到最后的结论,所以应该进一步用富集程度较高的污泥进行精确研究。本文最终希望利用聚磷菌的代谢模型在工程运用中发挥最大效用。     

Chemical techniques for assessing bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants: SPME versus Tenax extraction

The traditional approach for predicting the risk of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in sediment is to relate organic carbon normalized sediment concentrations to body residues or toxic effects to organisms. However, due to the multiple variables controlling bioavailability, this method has limitations. A matrix independent method of predicting bioavailability needs to be used in order to be universally applicable. Both chemical activity (freely dissolved chemical concentrations) measured by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and bioaccessibility (rapidly desorbing fraction) estimated by Tenax extraction have been developed to predict bioavailability of sediment-associated HOCs. The objectives of this review are to summarize a number of studies using matrix-SPME or Tenax extraction to estimate bioavailability and/or toxicity of different classes of HOCs and evaluate the strengths and weakness of these two techniques. Although the two chemical techniques assess different components of the matrix, estimates obtained from both techniques have been correlated to organism body residues. The advantages of SPME fibers are their applicability for use in situ and their potential usage for a wide array of contaminants by selection of appropriate coatings. Single time-point Tenax extraction, however, is more time- and labor-effective. Tenax extraction also has lower detection limits, making it more applicable for highly toxic contaminants. This review also calls for additional research to evaluate the role of sequestrated contaminants and ingestion of sediment particles by organisms on HOC bioavailability. The use of performance reference compounds to reduce SPME sampling time and linking chemical based bioavailability estimates to toxicological endpoints are essential to expand the applications of these methods.