Photosynthetic production and its regulating factors in the Baltic Sea

Measurements of primary production in the Baltic Sea over a period of 2 years (1969/1971) by the ¹⁴C method are reported. The rate of total annual production for the Baltic Sea proper and the Gulf of Finland including coastal areas appears to lie between 35 and 40 gC·m², a rate which can be assumed as characteristic for oligotrophic waters with a low production rate. An apparent increase in productivity between the 2 years could be noted. Calculations for the water mass below the halocline show that between 0.7 and 0.8 ml/l oxygen is used up during a period of 3 months required for the development of anoxic conditions. The major portion of the organic matter in the Baltic Sea undergoes decomposition in the sub-photic zone above the halocline. The ratio of organic material in deep water to the total available oxidizable matter appears to remain constant with time; therefore, the apparent increase in productivity in the photic layer does not affect apprecibly the development of anoxic conditions in deep water. Of the different areas investigated, the Gulf of Finland seems to be the most productive. In the southern Baltic Sea, the rate of production over 5 years between 1966 and 1971 has not changed appreciably. In fact, it shows a trend toward a slight decrease, whereas, in other areas of the Baltic Sea, the rate of production indicates an apparent increase. Comparison with oceanic coastal areas of the west coast of Sweden shows that the rate of production there is higher than in the Baltic Sea. Of the micronutrients controlling productivity in the photic layer of the Baltic Sea, nitrate has a stronger limiting effect on plant growth than phosphate, a fact which is in agreement with existing conceptions on the subject. Dissolved iron does not seem to exert any appreciable influence on the productivity.     

Review and prospects of mining chemical dust suppressant: classification and mechanisms

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Coal mine pollution is a serious threat to the mine safe production and occupational health of miners. Chemical dust suppression can effectively...     

渔业复垦塌陷地抗生素抗性基因与微生物群落

水产养殖行业抗生素的广泛使用引起了抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）污染问题.为探究渔业复垦塌陷地ARGs污染特征,利用宏基因组学技术检测分析了渔业复垦塌陷地ARGs的相对丰度和微生物群落结构.研究区域共检测出29种ARGs,bacA在所有样品中相对丰度最高,达1.96×10^-5~1.19×10^-4.沉积物中磺胺类和四环素类ARGs相对丰度较高,井水中多药类ARGs相对丰度较高.微生物群落结构表明变形菌门（Proteobacteria）在所有样品中为最优势细菌门,沉积物中绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）较为优势.属水平上,硫杆菌属（Thiobacillus）为沉积物中最优势细菌属,不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）为井水中优势细菌属.ARGs与微生物相关性分析表明,菌属与ARGs间主要呈中度相关,多种菌属与ARGs显著正相关,ARGs的分布受微生物群落结构的重要影响.渔业复垦塌陷地沉积物与井水均受到ARGs污染,应加强相应控制措施保护区域环境.     

土壤-植物系统中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的迁移与转化研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类重要的新型持久性有机污染物,因其具有亲脂和难降解特性,易在土壤和沉积物等环境介质以及生物体内累积,同时会发生脱溴还原代谢和氧化代谢,生成毒性更大的低溴代PBDEs、羟基PBDEs(OH-PBDEs)和甲氧基PBDEs(MeO-PBDEs).研究PBDEs在土壤-植物系统的迁移转化对于认识PBDEs的陆生生态环境行为,评价其生态风险以及对食物链的潜在暴露风险都具有重要的意义.本文从土壤中PBDEs的代谢与转化行为,PBDEs的植物吸收与传输特征及其关键影响因素,以及植物体内PBDEs的脱溴、羟基化和甲氧基化代谢行为几个方面总结了PBDEs在土壤-植物系统迁移转化的最新研究进展,并就将来的研究方向提出一些思考和展望,有助于深入认识PBDEs及其代谢产物的环境归趋.     

放牧对荒漠草原建群种和优势种生态位的影响

短花针茅荒漠草原建群种为短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）,优势种为无芒隐子草（Cleistogenes songorica）和碱韭（Allium polyrrhizum）,3个种群地上现存量之和可达群落现存量的60%~80%,其数量消长、时空变化及结构的位移均会引起群落的巨大波动。为明确3个植物种群占有空间资源的能力、相互关系及其受放牧影响的变化规律,以内蒙古苏尼特右旗赛汉塔拉镇1999年建立的荒漠草原教学科研基地建群种和优势种为研究对象,于2012年8月在围封区（CK）和自由放牧区（CG）按样带法和样地法进行取样,运用生态位宽度指数、生态位重叠指数及灰色关联度进行数据分析,结果如下。受放牧影响,短花针茅和碱韭主要通过大幅度调节生态位宽度来保证植物种群存活及其在群落中的地位和作用,变化幅度分别为0.429~0.813和0.235~0.828;而无芒隐子草生态位宽度变化不大（为0.556~0.761）,其对放牧影响的耐受性较强。在生态位重叠方面,短花针茅与无芒隐子草受放牧影响后分别与其他两植物种群重叠程度增加,而碱韭植物种群表现相反;生态位重叠程度变化与种对间的竞争能力有关,也与种对间的亲和能力有关,且存在不对称性。     

Toxicological studies of zinc oxide nanomaterials in rats

In this study, we have evaluated the ability of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles to induce pulmonary and extrapulmonary toxicities was examined in rats following intratracheal (IT) instillation. Lungs of rats were instilled IT with either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)?+?1% Tween 80, ZnO nanoparticles, carbonyl iron or quartz particles at a dose of 1 or 5?mg?kg^?1 body weight. Following exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, blood samples and organs including lung, liver, kidneys, heart, pancreas, and brain were collected at 24?h, 1 week, or 1 month of post instillation of nanoparticles and different parameters estimated to assess toxicity. BAL fluid was analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to assess pulmonary toxicity. Exposures to ZnO or quartz particles produced transient dose-dependant increase in BAL fluid LDH and ALP activities at all post exposure periods. Blood samples were analyzed for the tissue damage biomarkers to assess extrapulmonary toxicity. Histopathological examination of lung, liver and kidneys revealed dose-dependent degeneration and necrosis which worsened at 1 week post-instillation periods but recovered at 1 month post instillation. Histopathological examination of rat pancreas, heart, and brain exposed to quartz or ZnO particles showed no marked changes. Data suggest the instillation of ZnO nanoparticles produced a greater pulmonary toxicity in rats comparable with quartz; and extrapulmonary toxicities of these ZnO nanoparticles might be due to translocation into liver and kidney.     

北京地区典型二噁英(PCDDs)及多氯联苯(PCBs)的长距离传输潜力——基于TaPL3模型的应用研究

以典型二噁英(PCDDs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)为研究对象,利用TaPL3模型模拟计算了稳态假设下北京地区4种PCDDs和7种PCBs通过大气和水体的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov),比较了不同氯取代数的特征迁移距离(CTD)和Pov的大小,分析讨论了二者之间的关系,并以PCB180为例对关键参数进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明,4种PCDDs和7种PCBs在北京地区通过大气的CTDair范围分别为714—874 km和1771—8517 km,Povair范围分别为1422—5169 d和1210—35687 d;通过水体的CTDwater范围分别为1232—1385km和643—4222 km,Povwater范围分别为4900—5618 d和1831—35922 d.对于PCDDs,CTD和Pov基本上随着氯取代数目的增加而增大;对于PCBs,Pov的变化规律与PCDDs类似,而通过大气和通过水体的CTD的变化规律不同.CTD和Pov没有表现出直接的关系.与国内外同类研究相比,北京地区的结果和国外接近,但高于兰州地区通过大气的CTDair,低于通过水体的CTDwater.     

高温胁迫对爪哇稻剑叶光合特性和渗透调节物质的影响

以耐热能力不同的两个爪哇稻Oryza stavia L. ssp.javanica品种IRAT109(耐热)和19 D(热敏感)为试验材料,对两种水稻在人工气候室进行日平均气温为33.5℃的高温处理,研究了高温胁迫对耐热能力不同的两个爪哇稻光合特性和渗透调节物质的影响,旨在揭示全球气候变暖的大背景下,耐热能力不同的爪哇稻品种对高温热害的生理代谢变化规律及响应机制。试验结果显示,高温胁迫引起爪哇稻气孔导度下降,胞间CO2浓度升高,叶绿素含量降低,最终导致净光合速率下降,并随着胁迫时间延长而呈现逐渐下降的趋势,但耐热品种IRAT109与热敏感品种19 D相比仍能维持较高的光合作用。两种水稻中气孔导度,胞间CO2浓度,叶绿素含量,净光合速率在高温胁迫12 d后与自然温度下的植株相比差异显著。同时,高温胁迫造成两爪哇稻中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量降低,且随着高温胁迫时间的延长而逐渐降低,热稳定蛋白随高温胁迫时间的延长而逐渐升高,脯氨酸含量随高温胁迫时间延长呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。耐热品种IRAT09在高温胁迫过程中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的下降幅度小于热敏感品种19 D,热稳定蛋白和脯氨酸含量的上升水平高于热敏感品种19 D。高温胁迫6 d后两爪哇稻中的可溶性糖,可溶性蛋白和热稳定蛋白含量与自然温度下植株相比差异显著,在高温胁迫第3、6和9天两爪哇稻中脯氨酸含量与自然温度下的植株相比差异显著。研究结果表明,耐热爪哇稻品种在高温胁迫下维持较高的光合特性和较高的渗透调节物质含量是其耐热的生理基础。     

昆明主城合流污水调蓄池截污效能模拟

为评估昆明市计划首批建设二环路内16座合流污水调蓄池(规模为21.3×104 m3)的环境效益,采用构建降雨径流管理模型(SWMM)模拟调蓄池的运行情况,对其截污效能进行分析. 结果表明,2008年的113场降雨中,调蓄池共截流污水量1 868.73×104 m3,COD_Cr、TN、TP污染负荷的截流量分别为5 195.28、810.76、68.78 t,污水截流量占合流污水溢流量的11.18%. 昆明主城调蓄池是在充分利用和衔接已建、在建的排水管网收集系统和污水处理设施的基础上设计的,调蓄池效能受既定配套条件、场地、降雨特征等的多重影响,建议加大调蓄池和污水处理厂的联动性,并采取集中调蓄截流为主、分散式面源治理为辅的策略,综合防治初期雨水径流污染和合流污水溢流污染.      

风电行业安全生产风险特征与对策

系统检索了2000至2012年年底风电行业事故情况,从事故总数、死亡人数及事故类型展开分析。结果表明,风电行业风险具有自身特征,事故一直呈现上升趋势,其中叶片损坏、火灾、结构毁损、抛冰、交通运输、环境破坏等事故比较突出,对从业人员和公众构成威胁。我国风电行业正处于快速扩张期,内在风险较高,需引起行业主管部门和企业的高度重视,开展全产业链系统安全研究和管理手段创建,开发本质安全型工艺和设备,强化施工及运营安全管理。分析结果对指导风电行业安全管理决策和提升企业安全管理水平具有现实意义。