Mechanisms of Pb(II) coprecipitation with natrojarosite and its behavior during acid dissolution

Lead (Pb) coprecipitation with jarosite is common in natural and engineered environments, such as acid mine drainage (AMD) sites and hydrometallurgical industry. Despite the high relevance for environmental impact, few studies have examined the exact interaction of Pb with jarosite and the dissolution behavior of each phase. In the present work, we demonstrate that Pb mainly interacts with jarosite in four modes, namely incorporation, occlusion, physically mixing, and chemically mixing. For comparison, the four modes of Pb-bearing natrojarosite were synthesized and characterized separately. Batch dissolution experiments were undertaken on these synthetic Pb-bearing natrojarosites under pH 2 to simulate the AMD environments. The introduction of Pb decreases the final Fe releasing efficiency of jarosite-type compounds from 18.18% to 3.45%-5.01%, showing a remarkable inhibition of their dissolution. For Pb releasing behavior, PbSO₄ dissolves in preference to Pb-substituted natrojarosite, i.e., (Na, Pb)-jarosite, which primarily results in the sharp increase of Pb releasing concentration (> 40 mg/L). PbSO₄ occlusion by jarosite-type compounds can significantly reduce the release of Pb. The results of this study could provide useful information regarding Fe and Pb cycling in acidic natural and engineered environments.     

Mercury release behaviors of Guizhou bituminous coal during co-pyrolysis: Influence of chlorella

Co-pyrolysis of coal and seaweed can not only effectively decrease the carbon footprint but also improve the quality and output of coal pyrolysis products, however, the influence of seaweed on thermal releasing behaviors of mercury during co-pyrolysis process are still unclear. In this work, the chlorella and Guizhou bituminous coal were mixed and used to reveal the mercury release behavior during co-pyrolysis by the temperature programmed pyrolysis experiments, thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG) and thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) methods, offering a sufficient explanation on the control technology of mercury pollutants in co-pyrolysis. The results exhibited that a large amount of reducing gases such as CO, H₂ and H₂O were generated in chlorella at the temperature range of 100-500°C, which was favorable for the transformation from oxidized mercury to elemental mercury, thus remarkably increased the release of elemental mercury in the raw coal sample. The mixed chlorella also significantly lowered the decomposition temperature range (from 400-600 to 300-400°C) of pyrite-bound mercury and decreased the decomposition temperatures of the pyrite-bound mercury species. Additionally, in the co-pyrolysis about 91.82% of mercury was released into the gas phase below 400°C and was 13.77% higher than that of in individual pyrolysis of coal.     

中国东海水体中多氯联苯的浓度及其组成特征

东海由于受到长江和闽浙沿岸工业污水输入以及电子垃圾处理场排放的影响,被认为是多氯联苯重污染区域。本研究利用"科学三号"科学考察船,于2012年10月执行的东海航次期间,从中国东海不同区域采集到11个表层水样,测定其中溶解态多氯联苯的浓度。中国东海水体中多氯联苯浓度为（0.59~1.68）ng/L,相比国内外海域,属于中低等水平。研究结果表明,海水多氯联苯浓度和盐度之间存在显著负相关性,说明沿岸河流冲淡水搬运的多氯联苯是东海水体中多氯联苯的重要来源;此外其组成以三氯,四氯和五氯为主,这与我国历史上多氯联苯的使用情况吻合。通过水体中不同氯代化合物浓度和对应K_OW理论浓度值的比较发现,两者之间整体吻合较好,表明化合物的物理化学属性是控制其在水体中浓度的重要因素。然而,东海近岸水体中六氯联苯污染程度略高于理论浓度值,这一潜在的污染来源可能和东海沿岸省市电子垃圾处理场有关。     

重庆废弃煤矿区表层土壤多环芳烃污染特征及风险评价

随着煤炭行业的萧条,废弃煤矿逐渐增加。为有效管理和改善矿区废弃地环境生态系统,采集废弃22年的重庆中梁山马家沟煤矿区内18个表层土壤样品和1个煤矸石样品,以及矿区之外的2个背景土壤样品,分析样品中多环芳烃（USEPA 16 PAHs）、正构烷烃（n-alkanes）、汞（Hg）和有机质（OM）含量水平。结果表明,表层土壤中PAHs的平均含量为170.3 ng/g,低于我国正在运行的煤矿区土壤PAHs含量水平,高于山区背景土壤PAHs含量水平。主成分分析（PCA）结果表明煤燃烧释放和原煤残渣分别贡献78.3%和17.6%,是表层土壤中PAHs的主要来源。PAHs与n-alkanes的相关系数r=0.83（P<0.01）,表明土壤中两者具有类似的输入途径和富集行为。PAHs与Hg之间不存在相关性,表明煤矿长期废弃后,这两种与矿区活动释放有关的污染物的环境归趋有显著差异。PAHs和OM之间也不存在相关性,表明与煤矿相关的有机质来源已经被植物、微生物的分泌物质及其残体的有机质替代,生态环境正逐步恢复。风险评价结果表明PAHs含量水平相对安全。值得注意的是,Hg含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。因此,政府对矿区旧址的土地利用应当基于多污染参数的叠加结果,避免单一指标的片面性评价与诊断。     

哈尔滨市大气细颗粒物污染特征及其毒性效应

为研究哈尔滨市大气细颗粒物的污染特征及其毒效应,分别采集PM_2.5、PM_1.0样品,分析其质量浓度、数浓度的变化分布特征以及对小鼠肺损伤的影响.结果表明：2017年全年PM_2.5、PM_1.0的质量浓度均呈冬高夏低趋势;PM_1.0质量浓度占PM_2.5总质量浓度的62%~85%,PM_1.0数浓度变化趋势为两边高中间低,且其大小与温度呈负相关,与相对湿度无显著相关性;研究大气颗粒物对小鼠肺损伤影响时发现,染毒组小鼠肺组织细胞中LDH、ACP、AKP、ALB增高,说明大气颗粒物PM_2.5和PM_1.0对小鼠肺组织细胞具有毒效应;肺灌洗液中MDA、NO、NOS水平升高,SOD活性下降,说明PM_2.5和PM_1.0都使机体发生氧化损伤,且PM_2.5和PM_1.0质量浓度增加,会使小鼠肺组织细胞毒效应增强,由此引发的机体氧化损伤程度增大.     

Nanoscale zero-valent iron/magnetite carbon composites for highly efficient immobilization of U(Ⅵ)

Nanoscale zerovalent iron/magnetic carbon(NZVI/MC) composites were successfully synthesized by simply calcining yellow pine and iron precursors. NZVI/MC pyrolyzed at 800°C(NZVI/MC800) had a higher percentage of NZVI and displayed better resistance to aggregation and oxidation of NZVI than samples prepared at other temperatures. The NZVI/MC800 material was applied for the elimination of U(Ⅵ) from aqueous solutions. The results suggested that the NZVI/MC800 displayed excellent adsorption capacity(203.94 mg/g)toward U(Ⅵ). The significant adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics were attributed to the presence of well-dispersed NZVI, which could quickly reduce U(Ⅵ) into U(Ⅳ), trapping the guest U(Ⅳ) in the porous biocarbon matrix. The removal of U(Ⅵ) on the NZVI/MC samples was strongly affected by solution pH. The NZVI/MC samples also displayed outstanding reusability for U(Ⅵ) removal after multiple cycles. These findings indicate that NZVI/MC has great potential for remediation of wastewater containing U(Ⅵ).     

GIS-based analysis of population exposure to PM2.5 air pollution—A case study of Beijing

PM_(2.5), formally defined as particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 μm, is one of most harmful air pollutants threatening human health. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that both short-term and long-term exposures to PM_(2.5) are strongly linked with respiratory diseases. In this study, various types of spatio-temporal data were collected and used to estimate the spatio-temporal variation of PM_(2.5) exposure in Beijing in 2014. The seasonal and daily variation of the population-weighted exposure level(PWEL) in 2014 was estimated and compared. The results show that the population exposure to ambient air pollution differs significantly in the four seasons, and the exposure levels in winter and spring are notably higher than the other seasons; the exposure level changes greatly from North to South, and each sub-district maintains similarity to neighboring sub-districts.     

From illite/smectite clay to mesoporous silicate adsorbent for efficient removal of chlortetracycline from water

A series of mesoporous silicate adsorbents with superior adsorption performance for hazardous chlortetracycline(CTC) were sucessfully prepared via a facile one-pot hydrothermal reaction using low-cost illite/smectite(IS) clay,sodium silicate and magnesium sulfate as the starting materials.In this process,IS clay was "teared up" and then "rebuilt" as new porous silicate adsorbent with high specific surface area of 363.52 m~2/g(about 8.7 folds higher than that of IS clay) and very negative Zeta potential(- 34.5 mV).The inert Si- O- Si(Mg,Al) bonds in crystal framework of IS were broken to form Si(Al)- O~- groups with good adsorption activity,which greatly increased the adsorption sites served for holding much CTC molecules.Systematic evaluation on adsorption properties reveals the optimal silicate adsorbent can adsorb 408.81 mg/g of CTC(only 159.7 mg/g for raw IS clay) and remove 99.3%(only 46.5%for raw IS clay) of CTC from 100 mg/L initial solution(pH 3.51;adsorption temperature 30℃;adsorbent dosage,3 g/L).The adsorption behaviors of CTC onto the adsorbent follows the Langmuir isotherm model,Temkin equation and pseudo second-order kinetic model.The mesopore adsorption,electrostatic attraction and chemical association mainly contribute to the enhanced adsorption properties.As a whole,the high-efficient silicate adsorbent could be candidates to remove CTC from the wastewater with high amounts of CTC.     

2015年国庆期间我国城市空气污染特征及成因分析

本文基于我国31个省会城市283个环境监测站的实时观测数据,分析了2015年国庆期间我国城市空气污染特征,并结合MODIS/Terra数据、欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)气压场及风场数据对其成因进行了讨论。结果表明:本次区域性空气污染最先出现在华中和华东地区,但是在华北地区最为严重。不同城市的主要污染物具有显著的时空差异。除西安和乌鲁木齐以外,其他城市的颗粒物污染主要由细颗粒物主导。NO_2、CO和SO_2的变化趋势基本一致,而O_3仅在北京、天津和济南三个城市与其他污染气体同步变化;在其他城市则与NO_2和CO等呈现相反的变化趋势。由卫星影像、天气形势和风场变化分析得知:不考虑本地背景排放源的前提下,本次污染事件主要由我国秋季的秸秆燃烧和不利的气象条件共同作用造成的。     

糠醛衍生化-气相色谱(NPD)法测定水中水合肼

通过研究影响水样中水合肼的糠醛衍生化物的衍生化、萃取,及气相色谱的分离和氮磷检测器(NPD)的测定条件,建立了糠醛衍生化-气相色谱(NPD)法测定水中水合肼的新分析方法。实验结果表明,用糠醛衍生化、乙酸乙酯萃取肼的糠醛衍生化物,气相色谱-NPD检测器测定肼的糠醛衍生化物,水合肼糠醛衍生化物的萃取率为89.3%~93.4%,在0~200 μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.014 μg/L,加标回收率为81.7%~99.4%,相对标准偏差为2.9%~6.3%。方法特异性好、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,实用,适于水中水合肼的监测。