纺织品防微波辐射检测方法及其仪器的研究

根据对纺织品微波性能测试方法的系统研究,针对我国纺织品防辐射检测现状和科技发展的需求,运用系统分析、有效控制方法,采用先进技术,开发完成了我国首台自行设计、自行制造,适于2,250～2,650MHz范围织物防微波辐射现代快速检测仪器。经以中国工程院院士姚穆为首的技术审定委员会审定认为:该仪器设计科学合理、结构严谨、检测快速、数据准确,关键技术达到国际先进水平。     

昆明市东川区农业旱灾风险区识别研究

昆明市东川区是云南省农业旱灾危害较为严重的区域之一。利用2000-2007年东川区各乡镇历史灾情等数据资料,应用风险分析理论、效用理论、因子-成份分析方法等理论方法,在分别研究致灾风险度、承灾体易损性及地域人群对农业旱灾心理反响等基础上,构建了东川区农业旱灾风险评价模型。初步揭示出东川区农业旱灾风险度呈现出自南向北、自西向东逐渐增强的空间态势;识别出极高风险区、高风险区、中风险区和低风险区等4个农业旱灾风险区;发现东川区各地农业旱灾综合风险度、致灾风险度、承灾体易损度以及地域人群对旱灾的心理响应值等指数之间普遍存在着明显的正相关。     

士耳其和法国的巨灾保险制度

土耳其和法国都建立起了政府支持的巨灾保险制度,但由于其各自面临的自然灾害风险特征、国内保险市场的发展状况、政治法律体制等大相径庭,决定了两国的巨灾保险不论从具体的制度要素还是运营模式来看,都存在很大差异。     

Quantitative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Qingdao, China

In this study, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in sewage sludge samples from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Qingdao, China. These WWTPs differ in the type of treatment used and in the origin of the wastewater. The total amounts of PAHs in digested sludges ranged from 1.9645 to 6.5752 mg/kg, which did not exceed the projected European Union cut-off limits (6 mg/kg) for sludge found in farmland, except for the Haibohe WWTP. Significant differences were observed in overall PAH values between WWTPs receiving domestic effluents and those receiving industrial effluents. The total amounts of PAHs in digested sludge from the Licunhe and Haibohe WWTPs, which mainly received industrial effluents, were markedly higher than those of the Tuandao and Huangdao WWTPs, which received only domestic effluents. The distribution of PAH compounds in digested sludges were analysed. At the Tuandao, Huangdao and Licunhe WWTPs, 2-, 3-, 4-benzene rings were predominant, accounting for 100%, 99.8% and 99.0% of the sum concentration of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs), respectively. At the Haibohe WWTP, a large number of high molecular weight PAHs (5-, 6-benzene rings) were observed, accounting for 30% of the ∑PAHs. The sum of seven carcinogenic PAHs (∑PAHs-c) ranged from 0.8694 to 3.0389 mg/kg in four WWTPs. The highest value was found in the Haibohe WWTP. Moreover, the PAH concentrations in sludges from the different treatment processes in the Licunhe and Tuandao WWTPs are discussed.     

ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺除碳脱氮特性

CANON工艺如能处理低氨氮城市生活污水,将大幅度降低市政污水处理能耗.故以纤维载体为填料,在CSTR反应器中同时接种亚硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥启动CANON反应器,且在CANON系统前端添加ABR除碳系统,构建ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺,研究ABR除碳-CANON耦合工艺除碳脱氮性能,并采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,通过同时接种亚硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥,控制DO为0. 5～2 mg·L-1、HRT为6h、p H值为8左右等措施,在55 d内成功启动CANON系统,TN去除率为81%～87%,氨氮负荷为0. 195 kg·(m3·d)-1. ABR除碳系统出水有机物浓度(120 mg·L-1)不会对后续CANON系统产生不利影响,一体式ABR除碳-CANON工艺TN去除率在74%～87%,出水COD平均浓度为40 mg·L-1.同时,CANON系统启动后变形菌门(Proteobacteria)得到了显著提升,鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria)所占比例下降为6. 8%,CANON系统中亚硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌不断淘汰劣势菌群成为反应器内优势菌群,一体化ABR除碳-CANON工艺对城市污水具有良好的脱氮除碳效果.     

强化浅基质层干植草沟对道路径流的脱氮效果

搭建6个不同结构和介质组成的浅基质层干植草沟模拟柱,在基质层添加较多发酵木屑,利用进水期的脱氮作用,并设置饱水层提高设施落干期脱氮能力,从而强化设施全周期脱氮效果.以半人工道路径流作为进水,考察各模拟柱运行效果,并结合分层取样水质检测结果和模拟柱内体积含水率、ORP的变化过程,分析氮素在不同模拟柱内的去除机制.结果表明:在运行参数相对实际应用环境更为不利的条件下,设置饱水层的模拟柱的TN去除率在67%～78%; TN去除过程主要发生在进水期,且在含较多发酵木屑的基质层即被大量去除;设置饱水层不仅可提高落干期设施脱氮能力,还可保证较浅的基质层在进水期快速达到适宜反硝化的缺氧条件,从而保证进水期设施的脱氮效果;设置持水性过渡层并在其中放置有机质可以有效平衡饱水层碳源补给并控制有机质淋失的问题.     

A dynamic Bayesian networks modeling of human factors on offshore blowouts

An application of dynamic Bayesian networks for quantitative risk assessment of human factors on offshore blowouts is presented. Human error is described using human factor barrier failure (HFBF), which consists of three categories of factors, including individual factor barrier failure (IFBF), organizational factor barrier failure (OFBF) and group factor barrier failure (GFBF). The structure of human factors is illustrated using pseudo-fault tree, which is defined by incorporating the intermediate options into fault tree in order to eliminate the binary restriction. A methodology of translating pseudo-fault tree into Bayesian networks and dynamic Bayesian networks taking repair into consideration is proposed and the propagation is performed. The results show that the human factor barrier failure probability only increases within the first two weeks and rapidly reaches a stable level when the repair is considered, whereas it increases continuously when the repair action is not considered. The results of mutual information show that the important degree sequences for the three categories of human factors on HFBF are: GFBF, OFBF and IFBF. In addition, each individual human factor contributes different to the HFBF, those which contribute much should given more attention in order to improve the human reliability and prevent the potential accident occurring.     

我国环境法确立风险预防原则的思考

环境风险预防原则是应对环境风险日益凸显的重要原则。通过对环境风险预防原则的分析,发现环境风险预防原则在我国确立中还存在着对其研究程度不够、混同于"预防为主,防治结合"原则以及仍惯于事后执法的传统思维等问题。面对挑战,应多措并举推进环境风险预防原则建设,例如确立环境风险预防原则作为环境法基本原则,转变举证责任主体的机制、建立信息公开等与风险预防原则相关的法律制度,拟采过错责任为风险预防的归责原则,从而预防和遏制环境风险的产生与扩散。     

农村污水处理技术现状及发展前景

随着城市化的发展和人民生活水平的提高,农村生活污水污染指标由单一化日趋复杂,是农村水体环境恶化的重要污染源,农村生活污水迫切需要治理,本文在对实施农村生活污水处理技术概述的基础上,就近年来国内外处理农村生污水的现状及研究进展进行了分析,探讨了农村生活污水处理技术的发展方向。     

偶氮染料生物降解机理的研究

运用紫外光谱、液相色谱与质谱研究了偶氮染料的降解过程.通过紫外光谱分析,以酸性红B为底物测定了偶氮还原酶的酶活.以甲基红为底物,分析了偶氮染料的降解机理.提出并验证了在偶氮染料还原过程中,存在一个加氢的中间体.