超声波/零价铁降解对氯苯胺性能及机理研究

在超声波/零价铁体系中考察了溶液初始pH值、浓度对对氯苯胺降解的影响.在pH值为3～11范围内最佳条件为pH=9;初始浓度为0.1、0.2和0.4 mmol/L时的降解率(180 min)分别为83.2%、63.5%和36.1%.对氯苯胺在单纯铁粉、单纯超声波和超声波/零价铁3种体系中降解符合拟一级反应动力学规律,速率常数分别为6.83×10-4、3.95×10-3和1.01×10-2 min-1,增强因子为218%,表明铁粉与超声波对对氯苯胺降解有明显的协同效应.在体系中加入自由基捕捉剂正丁醇能抑制对氯苯胺的降解,证实对氯苯胺降解主要是依靠羟基自由基的氧化作用.     

神经网络用于卤代肉桂酸对羊角月牙藻毒性的预测研究

卤代肉桂酸因具有肉桂酸一样的抑菌、抗氧化和抗微生物活性作用,故被广泛应用于医药、化妆品和农药等生产行业.为了研究卤代肉桂酸对羊角月牙藻急性毒性与其分子结构之间的定量构效关系,基于分子拓扑理论,计算了14个卤代肉桂酸分子的4类分子结构参数,筛选了电性拓扑状态指数(E13)和电性距离矢量(M15)作为理论结构描述符,将其与...     

渭河流域水体细菌群落的环境响应及生态功能预测

流域水体中细菌群落多样性及其代谢功能研究对流域水污染整治及生态修复和水体健康评价具有重要价值.基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术研究渭河流域陕西境内综合治理后水体中细菌群落分布特性,利用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)方法分析了水体细菌群落与水环境因子的相关关系,并采用PICRUSt (phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states)方法预测和评价了渭河流域细菌群落生态功能.研究结果显示,变形菌门、放线细菌门、蓝藻门和拟杆菌门细菌是水体细菌群落中的主要菌门,占整个细菌群落的相对丰度高达85%,这类细菌与水体中的TP、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N和TN呈显著的正相关关系(P=0. 02 0. 05);灞河入渭口下游(S5)细菌群落丰度最高,皂河(S4)细菌群落丰度最低;渭河流域水体致使人类患传染性疾病的可能性较大,且对生物体内分泌系统有较大的影响.本研究成果可为渭河流域水环境健康有序发展提供理论基础.     

生物膜富集系统的同步短程硝化反硝化研究

在自制生物膜反应器中接种精养鱼塘底泥进行富集培养,以期启动同步短程硝化反硝化过程。富集过程中记录反应器进、出水DO、NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N变化。经过179 d运行后,反应器NH4+-N去除率达80%以上,出水NO2--N浓度非常低,低至检测极限以下,且没有NO3-积累。实时荧光定量PCR技术定量富集培养前后研究氨氧化细菌、反硝化细菌密度和厌氧氨氧化细菌数量,发现反应器中氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌浓度分别增加了53.4倍和8.3倍,未检出厌氧氨氧化菌。综合上述结果判断生物膜反应器内启动了同步短程硝化反硝化过程。     

自驾车旅游者分类与差异性分析以沈阳周边景区为例

以沈阳周边景区自驾车旅游者为研究对象,从自驾车旅游者的需求特征和社会人口学特征出发,采用主成分分析法从影响自驾车旅游者的58个指标中提取了28个主成分,运用系统聚类的方法对28个主成分进行聚类分析,将自驾车旅游者分为家庭亲子型、青年探险型等九类,并对不同类型的自驾车旅游者进行差异性分析。结果表明,不同自驾车旅游者在年龄、收入等社会人口学特征方面不存在显著性差异,但在出游的组织方式等方面却差异性明显。     

草原旅游资源深度开发研究——以内蒙古自治区为例

旅游资源是构成旅游业发展的基础，草原旅游资源的合理利用与深度开发具有重要意义。着眼于内蒙古草原旅游现状，通过分析内蒙古草原旅游资源的特征和深度开发的必要性与可行性，提出开发理念、开发模式、区域合作和产品开发方面的设想，尤其基于资源的状况提出3种资源开发模式：依托市场模式、组合集聚模式和依托资源模式。     

生态环境监测及其在我国的发展

生态环境监测是环境监测中一个全新的概念，是环境生态建设的技术保证和支持体系。本文对生态环境监测的基本概念和原则、任务及特点、生态环境指标的建立、生态监别技术和方法、生态变化趋势预测预报等进行了介绍，并结合我国在生态环境监测方面所开展的工作提出今后工作的一些设想和展望。     

The Spatio-Temporal Dynamic Pattern of Rural Residential Land in China in the 1990s Using Landsat TM Images and GIS

Through interpreting Landsat TM images, this study analyzes the spatial distribution of rural settlements in China in 2000. It calculates rural residential land percentage for every 1-km² cell. The entire country is divided into 33 regions to investigate the spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of rural residential land during the 1990s. According to the remote sensing survey, the rural residential land increased by 7.88 × 10⁵ ha in the 1990s. The increment of rural residential land was 0.55 million ha in 1990–1995 and 0.23 million ha in 1995–2000. In 1990–1995, rural residential land increased dramatically in the eastern regions such as the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and North China Plain, accounting for 80.80% of the national growth; the expansion in the western regions was much more moderate. In 1995–2000, the expansion of rural residential land in eastern regions slowed, accounting for only 58.54% of the increase at the national level, whereas the expansion in the western regions accelerated. Rapid rural residential development resulted from increasing home construction and the limited control on rural land. The great regional disparity reflected the regional economic development and land-use policy change. Our finding shows that nearly 60% of the rural residential area came from cropland.     

Effect of composting process on phytotoxicity and speciation of copper, zinc and lead in sewage sludge and swine manure

The concentration and bioavailability of heavy metals in composted organic wastes have negative environmental impacts following land application. Aerobic composting procedures were conducted to investigate the influences of selected parameters on heavy metal speciation and phytotoxicity. Results showed that both of sewage sludge (SSC) and swine manure (SMC) composting systems decreased the pH, the content of organic matter (OM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total amounts of Cu, Zn and Pb. Sequential extraction showed that readily extractible fractions of exchangeable and carbonate in Cu and Zn increased during SSC composting but decreased during SMC composting, thus their bioavailability factors (BF) enhanced in SSC but declined in SMC. The fraction of reducible iron and manganese (FeMnOX) of Cu and Zn in SSC and FeMnOX-Cu in SMC decreased, but FeMnOX-Zn in SMC gradually increased in the process of compost. In contrast, the changes of Pb distributions were similar in two organic wastes. Pb was preferentially bound to the residual fraction and its BF decreased. The evolution of heavy metal distributions and BF depended on not only total metal concentrations but also the other properties, such as pH, decomposition of OM and decline of DOC. The germination rate (RSG), root growth (RRG) and germination index (GI) of pakchoi (Brassica Chinensis L.) increased during the composting process. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that GI, which could represent phytotoxic behavior to the plants, could be poorly predicted by BF or total amount of metals, i.e., BF-Zn, T-Cu. However, the inclusion of other physicochemical parameters (pH, OM and DOC) could enhance the linear regression significances (R).     

活性污泥过程反应池与二沉池耦合模型与模拟

将二沉池一维通量模型与反应池活性污泥2号模型(ASM2)耦合,建立了活性污泥过程模型.模型应用于重庆某污水处理厂,结果表明,该模型可以较好地对出水中COD、SS、TN及TP进行模拟.针对该污水处理厂现行运行条件,分析了影响活性污泥系统的因素,提出优化运行参数,将二沉池污泥回流比由原来的0.75减至0.20～0.25,剩余污泥排放量从原来的591m³/d至204～249m³/d;将反应池污泥浓度由原来的1.2g/L增加至2.8g/L,可提高系统抗负荷冲击和抗低温的能力,改善系统出水水质.