焙烧条件对CuO/ZSM-5催化剂脱硫脱硝性能的影响

以ZSM-5分子筛为载体,通过浸渍法制备10％ CuO/ZSM-5(金属氧化物质量占载体质量)催化剂,以CH4为还原气,考察不同焙烧温度和焙烧时间对催化剂脱硫脱硝性能的影响.XRD和TPR的表征结果显示,最佳焙烧条件为550℃下焙烧4h,在此焙烧条件下,10％ CuO/ZSM-5催化剂达到的最高脱硝脱硫率分别为90.6％和98.8％.     

4种脂肪多胺修饰硅胶对铅离子的吸附

为了合成高效铅离子吸附剂,了解其对铅离子的吸附规律。采用(3-氯丙基)三甲氧基硅烷(CPTS)架桥法,以硅胶(SG)为载体,乙二胺(EDA)、二乙烯三胺(DETA)、三乙烯四胺(TETA)和四乙烯五胺(TEPA)为表面修饰剂,合成了4种胺化硅胶,测定了它们的红外光谱、热重等性质以及对Cu2+、Zn2+和Pb2+的吸附能力。结果表明,4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附量均大于Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附量,其中DETA修饰硅胶对Pb2+的吸附量较高。4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附过程较好地符合拟二级动力学模型以及Langmuir和Scatchart等温吸附热力学模型,其对Pb2+吸附的速率常数、饱和吸附量以及吸附位点数由大到小的顺序一致,均为SG-DETASG-TEPASG-EDASG-TETA。4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附速率和吸附量呈现"奇数胺"增强效应,亲和常数则依次减小。阐明了脂肪多胺修饰硅胶对Pb2+的吸附规律,并进一步讨论了Scatchart和Langmuir热力学模型的统一性。     

MBR处理低浓度稠油废水

为解决稠油废水达标排放问题,构建了一套中试实验装置,以经过除油、浮选和过滤预处理的富含溶解性有机化合物、氮磷缺乏的低浓度难生化稠油废水为原水,进行了187 d的连续运行,结果表明,经过厌氧和好氧生物处理后,出水COD可降至80~100 mg/L以下,再经膜过滤后COD降至60~80 mg/L,加入少量的粉末活性炭进行吸附处理后,出水COD可稳定在50 mg/L以下;水力停留时间从72 h降至30 h时,出水COD基本无变化;气相色谱-质谱分析表明该系统容易去除的有机物为酮类、醇类等物质,而烷烃(C17~C25)和芳烃等为本工艺难降解物质,通过膜生物反应器工艺优化或选择专门降解菌如Acinetobacter spp.进行处理可进一步降低出水COD的浓度。     

Toxicity of Cu (II) to the green alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlorella vulgaris</Emphasis>: a perspective of photosynthesis and oxidant stress

The toxic effects of Cu (II) on the freshwater green algae Chlorella vulgaris and its chloroplast were investigated by detecting the responses of photosynthesis and oxidant stress. The results showed that Cu (II) arrested the growth of C. vulgaris and presented in a concentration- and time-dependent trend and the SRichards 2 model fitted the inhibition curve best. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including qP, Y (II), ETR, F _v /F _m , and F _v /F ₀, were stimulated at low concentration of Cu (II) but declined at high concentration, indicating the photosystem II (PSII) of C. vulgaris was destroyed by Cu (II). The chloroplasts were extracted, and the Hill reaction activity (HRA) of chloroplast was significantly decreased with the increasing Cu (II) concentration under both illuminating and dark condition, and faster decline speed was observed under dark condition. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also significantly decreased at high concentration Cu (II), companied with a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. All these results indicated a severe oxidative stress on algal cells occurred as well as the effect on photosynthesis, thus inhibiting the growth of algae, which providing sights to evaluate the phytotoxicity of Cu (II).     

Design and characterization of human exposure to generated sulfate and soot particles in a pilot chamber study

A number of literatures have documented adverse health effects of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), and secondary sulfate aerosol and black carbon may contribute to health impacts of PM_2.5 exposure. We designed an exposure system to generate sulfate and traffic soot particles, and assessed the feasibility of using it for human exposure assessment in a pilot human exposure study. In the designed exposure system, average mass concentrations of generated sulfate and soot particles were 74.19μg/m³ and 11.54μg/m³ in the chamber and did not vary significantly during two-hour human exposure sessions. The size ranges of generated sulfate were largely between 20 to 200 nm, whereas those of generated soot particles were in the size ranges of 50 to 200nm. Following two-hour exposure to generated sulfate and soot particles, we observed significant increases in fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) in young and health subjects. Building on established human exposure system and health response follow-up methods, future full-scale studies focusing on the effects of mixed particulates and individual PM_2.5 components would provide data in understanding the underpinning cardio-respiratory outcomes in relation to air pollution mixture exposure.

Implications: Controlled exposure is a useful design to measure the biological responses repeatedly following particulate exposures of target components and set exposure at target levels of health concerns. Our study provides rational and establishes method for future full-scale studies to focus on examining the effects of mixed particulates and individual PM_2.5 components.     

Response surface modeling for the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger spores by chlorine dioxide gas in an enclosed space

Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger spores are a commonly used biological indicator to evaluate the disinfection of an enclosed space. In the present study, chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) gas was applied to inactivate B. subtilis subsp. niger spores in an enclosed space. The effects of the ClO₂ gas concentration (1-3 mg/l), relative humidity (RH, 30-70%) and exposure time (30-90 min) were investigated using a response surface methodology (RSM). A three-factor Box-Behnken experimental design was used. The obtained data were adequately fitted to a second-order polynomial model with an R_2adj of 0.992. The ClO₂ gas concentration, RH and exposure time all significantly (P<0.05) and positively correlated with the inactivation of B. subtilis subsp. niger spores. The interaction between the ClO₂ gas concentration and RH as well as that between the exposure time and RH indicated significant and synergistic effects (P<0.05). The predictive model was validated by additional eight experiments and proven to be with good accuracy. Overall, this model established by the RSM could show the trend of the inactivation of spores, indicate the interactions between important factors, and provide a reference to determine effective conditions for the disinfection in different enclosed spaces by ClO₂ gas.

Implications: The inactivation of indoor biological contaminants plays an important role in preventing the transmission of pathogens and ensuring human safety. The predictive model using response surface methodology indicates the influence and interaction of the main factors on the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger spores by ClO₂ gas, and can predict a ClO₂ gas treatment condition to achieve an effective sterilization of enclosed spaces. The results in this paper will provide a reference for the application of ClO₂ gas treatments for indoor disinfection.     

Transgenic poplar trees expressing yeast cadmium factor 1 exhibit the characteristics necessary for the phytoremediation of mine tailing soil

Genetic engineering of plants for phytoremediation is thought to be possible based on results using model plants expressing genes involved in heavy metal resistance, which improve the plant’s tolerance of heavy metals and accumulation capacity. The next step of progress in this technology requires the genetic engineering of plants that produce large amounts of biomass and the testing of these transgenic plants in contaminated soils. Thus, we transformed a sterile line of poplar Populus alba X P. tremula var. glandulosa with a heavy metal resistance gene, ScYCF1 (yeast cadmium factor 1), which encodes a transporter that sequesters toxic metal(loid)s into the vacuoles of budding yeast, and tested these transgenic plants in soil taken from a closed mine site contaminated with multiple toxic metal(loid)s under greenhouse and field conditions. The YCF1-expressing transgenic poplar plants exhibited enhanced growth, reduced toxicity symptoms, and increased Cd content in the aerial tissue compared to the non-transgenic plants. Furthermore, the plants accumulated increased amounts of Cd, Zn, and Pb in the root, because they could establish an extensive root system in mine tailing soil. These results suggest that the generation of YCF1-expressing transgenic poplar represents the first step towards producing plants for phytoremediation. The YCF1-expressing poplar may be useful for phytostabilization and phytoattenuation, especially in highly contaminated regions, where wild-type plants cannot survive.     

Nitrate and ammonium ions removal from groundwater by a hybrid system of zero-valent iron combined with adsorbents

Nitrate (NO(3)(-)) is a commonly found contaminant in groundwater and surface water. It has created a major water quality problem worldwide. The laboratory batch experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of HCl-treated zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) combined with different adsorbents as hybrid systems for simultaneous removal of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and ammonium (NH(4)(+)) ions from aqueous solution. The maximum NO(3)(-) removal in combined Fe(0)-granular activated carbon (GAC), Fe(0)-filtralite and Fe(0)-sepiolite systems was 86, 96 and 99%, respectively, at 45 °C for 24 h reaction time. The NO(3)(-) removal rate increased with the increase in initial NO(3)(-) concentration. The NO(3)(-) removal efficiency by hybrid systems was in the order of sepiolite > filtralite > GAC. The NH(4)(+) produced during the denitrification process by Fe(0) was successfully removed by the adsorbents, with the removal efficiency in the order of GAC > sepiolite > filtralite. Results of the present study suggest that the use of a hybrid system could be a promising technology for achieving simultaneous removal of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) ions from aqueous solution.     

Risk assessment and monitoring of dinotefuran and its metabolites for Chinese consumption of apples

Residues of dinotefuran and its metabolites, 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)urea (UF) and 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)guanidine (DN), in apple were investigated using a “QuEChERS” (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) pretreatment and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) of dinotefuran, UF, and DN in apples were 0.011–0.960 and 0.037–3.200 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of dinotefuran, UF, and DN in apple ranged from 70.0 to 83.6% with relative standard deviations less than 13%. A formulation of 20% water-dispersible dinotefuran granules was sprayed at 1–1.5-fold the recommended dose 3–4 times on apple trees. Total terminal residues of dinotefuran in apple were less than 2 mg/kg, which is the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by Japan. When following the recommended application guidelines, dinotefuran is unlikely to present significant health concerns to the Chinese population because the risk quotient (RQ) is less than 100%. This work could provide guidance for the safe use of dinotefuran and serve as a reference for the establishment of a maximum residue limit of dinotefuran in apple in China.