Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600?nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.     

一种适用于深水压试验的传压隔热装置设计

目的真实高效地进行深水压环境的温度模拟。方法提出一种深水压试验压力加载过程中的恒温实现方法,通过开展基于皮囊的结构设计、密封性设计、导热性研究等工作,设计一种适用于深水压试验的传压隔热装置,对其进行理论分析和仿真计算。结果该装置可以实现液体温度在较长时间内基本恒定,具有良好的传压隔热性能。结论在建立的实验系统上进行了试验研究,实现了深水压环境模拟试验中压力载荷同步条件下液体温度小范围恒定功能,该技术为深水压环境试验的相关技术研究提供了技术储备。     

Changes in nitrogen budget and potential risk to the environment over 20 years (1990–2010) in the agroecosystems of the Haihe Basin,China

The nitrogen balance can serve as an indicator of the risk to the environment of nitrogen loss from agricultural land. To investigate the temporal and spatial changes in agricultural nitrogen application and its potential threat to the environment of the Haihe Basin in China, we used a database of county-level agricultural statistics to calculate agricultural nitrogen input, output, surplus intensity, and use efficiency. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen input increased by 51.7% from 1990 to 2000 and by 37.2% from 2000 to 2010, concomitant with increasing crop yields. Simultaneously, the nitrogen surplus intensity increased by 53.5% from 1990 to 2000 and by 16.5% from 2000 to 2010, presenting a continuously increased environmental risk. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased from 0.46 in 1990 to 0.42 in 2000 and remained constant at 0.42 in 2010, partly due to fertilizer composition and type improvement. This level indicates that more than half of nitrogen inputs are lost in agroecosystems. Our results suggest that although the improvement in fertilizer composition and types has partially offset the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, the environmental risk has still increased gradually over the past 20 years, along with the increase in crop yields and nitrogen application. It is important to achieve a better nitrogen balance through more effective management to significantly reduce the environmental risk, decrease nitrogen surplus intensity, and increase nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing crop yields.     

现实工况下挖掘机尾气排放特征分析

为量化挖掘机在实际施工作业中尾气排放特征,研究选取成都市不同建设工地在用的8台挖掘机,利用便携式尾气测量系统对其进行现实工况下的尾气排放测量,测试按挖掘机的不同作业特点分怠速、行走和作业进行.测量的尾气排放污染物包括CO、HC、NO和PM_2.5.结果表明,挖掘机的尾气排放随工况的不同而不同,怠速时NO排放平稳,行走和作业时排放速率波动较大.满足不同尾气排放标准的挖掘机,其尾气排放也有所不同,例如,国Ⅱ阶段的挖掘机与国Ⅰ阶段的挖掘机相比,其在怠速、行走、作业工况下尾气排放的NO分别减小8%、35%和5%,PM_2.5分别降低88%、87%和80%.另外,本研究中挖掘机尾气排放的实测结果与我国非道路机械尾气排放因子技术指南中推荐的用于排放清单估算的排放因子相比,也均有显著不同.这说明,开展非道路机械尾气排放现实工况下的测量,对于提高尾气排放清单精准度具有重要作用.     

全国大气背景地区黑碳浓度特征

分析了2015年14个背景站黑碳浓度水平及分布规律,结果表明:我国背景地区黑碳小时浓度均值呈现明显的对数正态分布特征,14个背景站880 nm波长时年均质量浓度为88.7~1 487.6 ng/m~3,小时最大峰值为685.0~13 731.0 ng/m~3,长岛和衡山相对较高;24 h日浓度变化基本呈现"单峰"状,但峰值出现时刻有所不同;工作日和周末的浓度变化趋势基本相似,但浓度高低与所在区域生产生活方式不同而有所差异。初步探讨了风速和风向与浓度污染水平的关系,相对风速而言,风向对黑碳的浓度影响较大,后向轨迹结果也印证了风向的影响。     

渐变型多孔介质中低浓度瓦斯燃烧特性数值模拟

利用模拟软件Fluent6.3建立二维模型并进行合理设置,对多孔介质中的煤矿低浓度瓦斯燃烧进行数值模拟,研究了均匀型和渐变型燃烧器中的温度分布和NOx生成情况,以及三种不同渐变型多孔介质组合燃烧器中的温度分布和NOx生成情况。结果表明,渐变型多孔介质燃烧器的温度分布比均匀型燃烧器更加均匀;同一瓦斯当量比和流速下,渐变型多孔介质燃烧器的NOx产生量比均匀型燃烧器低很多,有利于减少污染物排放;三种不同渐变型多孔介质组合的温度分布和NOx生成有着不同特点,燃烧器设计时,可根据不同需求选取不同组合形式,综合考虑各因素,组合一燃烧特性最佳。     

煤矿高浓度胶结充填系统可靠性评价研究

煤矿充填系统可靠性受多种不确定因素影响.通过对影响东庞矿高浓度胶结充填系统可靠性主要因素的分析,综合考虑各因素随机性、模糊性特点,利用层次分析法(AHP)建立充填系统可靠性模糊综合评价模型并确定各指标因素权重,运用模糊数学理论确定隶属矩阵和模糊综合评价法得到充填系统可靠性综合评判向量,按照最大隶属度原则确定此充填系统可靠性为“较稳定”等级.经充填工业性试验开采验证,系统可靠性模糊评价模型的建立是合理有效、结果符合实际情况的.     

纵向风对隧道火灾拱顶最高温度及其位置的影响

研究了燃烧风洞内不同纵向风速、不同火源功率条件下,隧道近火源区顶部温度沿纵向分布情况。结果表明,纵向风对不同尺寸火源条件下的顶部温度的影响呈不同特征。对较小尺寸火源,隧道顶部温升随风速增加而减小至稳定值;而对较大尺寸火源,顶部温升随风速增加先增加后减小。对于矩形火源,当纵向风较小(0.5~1.5m/s)时,长边平行于纵向风时顶部最高温升大于长边垂直于纵向风的情况;而当纵向风较大(≥2 m/s)时,两种油盘放置方式的顶部最高温升一致。纵向风作用下,顶部最高温升位置向下游呈现"两次移动"特征,即随着纵向风速增加该位置先向下游移动,当风速达到某一值时,隧道拱顶的加热机制由对流和辐射共同主控转变为辐射单独主控,最高温升位置突变回到上游后再次逐渐向下游移动。     

GB/T 7702-2008《煤质颗粒活性炭试验方法》标准的研究

通过对GB/T 7702-2008《煤质颗粒活性炭试验方法》的修订,研究了国际上先进国家的ASTM、JIS、ГОСТ同类标准内容。本系列标准除等同采用部分国际先进标准外,还结合本国特点增加了部分国外标准没有的内容,同时着重对碘吸附值测定进行了深入研究,确定了国际先进的碘吸附值试验方法。     

中美实施全球化学品统一分类和标签制度政策对比和分析

对中美实施全球化学品统一分类和标签制度(GHS)的基本情况进行了研究,分别从实施GHS的框架体系、实施GHS的时间节点、GHS的危险类别、符合GHS要求的SDS和标签四个角度,对中美实施GHS的政策进行对比.通过分析,得出我国目前实施GHS主要存在四个方面的问题:各方利益难以协调,缺乏实施GHS的综合性法律法规,实施GHS缓冲期的设置存在问题,“积木原则”尚未合理运用.结合美国实施GHS的做法,为我国实施GHS提出四方面建议,即推动我国GHS配套法律法规体系建设,编制实施GHS的指南文件,灵活合理利用“积木原则”,关注危险化学品全生命周期的安全.