抗生素抗性基因在废(污)水处理系统的来源、传播扩散、归趋以及污染控制研究进展

人类在生活生产中大量使用抗生素,使抗生素抗性菌(Antibiotic resistance bacteria,ARB)和抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)日益在环境中被检出.含有这些污染物的污水被污水处理系统(Wastewater treatment plants,WWTPs)所接纳,抗性细菌在处理系统内得以大量增殖,使得污水处理系统成为抗性细菌和抗性基因的重要储存库.由于污水处理系统对ARB和ARGs的处理效果并不理想,抗性基因随出水排放至纳污水体,会造成环境中抗性基因污染.本文总结并分析了抗生素抗性基因在污水处理系统中的来源、传播扩散途径、归趋以及污染控制的最新研究进展,提出了现存问题以及今后工作的重点,以期为ARGs的污染控制及消减提供可行性参考.     

Selective sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate on molecularly imprinted polymer adsorbents

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), as a potential persistent organic pollutant, has been widely detected in water environments, and has become a great concern in recent years. PFOS is very stable and difficult to decompose using conventional techniques. Sorption may be an attractive method to remove it from water. In this study, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) adsorbents were prepared through the polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine under different preparation conditions in order to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from water. The MIP adsorbents using perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as the template had good imprinting effects and could selectively remove PFOS from aqueous solution. The sorption behaviors including sorption kinetics, isotherms, and effect of pH, salt, and competitive anions were investigated. Experimental results showed that the sorption of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents was very fast, pH-dependent, and highly selective. The achieved fast sorption equilibrium within 1 h was attributed to the surface sorption on the fine adsorbents. The sorption isotherms showed that the sorption selectivity of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents decreased at high PFOS concentrations, which may be due to the double-layer sorption and the formation of PFOS micelles on the sorbent surface. The sorption of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents was mainly dominated by the electrostatic interaction between the protonated vinylpyridine on the adsorbent surface and the anionic PFOS. The prepared MIP adsorbents can potentially be applied in water and wastewater treatment for selective removal of PFOS.     

基于人工模拟雾霾装置的颗粒物沉降效果分析

雾霾对人类生活生产的影响日益严重,雾霾治理的研究逐渐受到重视,然而自然雾霾天气的不可预测性增加了研究难度。根据雾霾的组成特点,设计并搭建了一套人工模拟雾霾装置,对雾霾颗粒物的沉降效果进行浓度监测和分析。模拟结果表明：各种环境下,PM₁₀的浓度和沉降速率最高,总浓度占比保持在40%以上,PM_2.5浓度占比约为35%,PM₁浓度最低,仅占20%~25%;有风环境下,颗粒物的沉降速度明显提高,当沉降时间达到130 min后,PM₁的浓度达到20% 以下。装置成功模拟了100 min以上的重度雾霾以及20 min的中度雾霾,可为雾霾治理的研究提供稳定可控的实验环境。综合上述结果,将PM_2.5和PM₁凝结成PM₁₀,可加速雾霾的消散,对雾霾治理具有重要参考价值。     

Identification of transport processes in column experiments using a frequency domain approach

When a solute transport process is viewed as a dynamic system with input and output, a system identification technique can be used to study it from input-output data. According to the design of excitation signals in the system identification approach, the commonly used rectangular pulse as input signal for column experiments is not optimum because it does not simultaneously meet the requirements for exciting the studied transport process, i.e., possessing frequency components with high enough amplitude and wide enough passband. In this article, stepped sine signals were proposed to replace the rectangular pulse because their amplitude and passband can be independently chosen. The stepped sine signals of concentration were generated by a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and used as the input for the column experiments to identify parameters of the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) and mobile-immobile model (MIM). In order to test the effect of noise on the identification of transport process, numerical experiments were carried out to identify the CDE under white noise when the input was designed as stepped sine functions and rectangular pulse. The results of the numerical experiments showed that the input signal of a sine function was more robust and accurate in process identification than that of a rectangular pulse.     

循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术热电厂生命周期评价

运用生命周期评价方法,应用Gabi5.0软件对采用循环流化床锅炉燃煤技术的热电企业进行资源耗竭和环境影响分析,计算各生产单元生命周期清单的全球变暖潜值、酸化效应潜值、富营养化潜值、非生物资源耗竭潜值、人体毒性潜值以及光化学烟雾和臭氧生成潜值等主要环境影响类型,对燃煤发电过程进行生命周期评价。结果表明,全球变暖和非生物资源耗竭为发电运行过程中主要的环境影响因素,分别占53%和15.05%;锅炉燃烧阶段的环境影响最重,占整个生命周期影响值的77.12%,并且除生物耗竭潜值外的其他5项指标均为发电运行阶段各个单元中最高。采用SNCR脱硝技术减少燃烧过程中NOx的排放量,并对该技术方案进行生命周期评价,比较方案实施前后的环境影响。     

Carbon Sequestration Function of Check-Dams: A Case Study of the Loess Plateau in China

Check-dams are the most common structures for controlling soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. However, the effect of check-dams on carbon sequestration, along with sediment transport and deposition, has not been assessed over large areas. In this study, we evaluated the carbon sequestration function of check-dams in the Loess Plateau. The results indicate that there were approximately 11 000 check-dams distributed in the Loess Plateau, with an estimate of the amount of sediment of 21 × 10⁹ m³ and a soil organic carbon storage amount of 0.945 Pg. Our study reveals that check-dams in the Loess Plateau not only conserve soil and water but also sequester carbon.     

不同Cd2+浓度与硝酸盐浓度、磷酸盐浓度交互作用对杜氏盐藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了不同Cd2+浓度与硝酸盐浓度、磷酸盐浓度交互作用对杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明,Cd2+浓度与硝酸盐浓度、磷酸盐浓度对杜氏盐藻的光合作用及生长均具有显著影响(P＜0.05);Cd2+胁迫24 h后,杜氏盐藻的荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yield、rETR、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均与Cd2+浓度表现为显著的负相关;在低硝酸盐摩尔浓度(55μmol/L)下,杜氏盐藻的荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/F.、Yield、rETR、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均明显下降;在高硝酸盐摩尔浓度(7 040 μmol/L)下,杜氏盐藻的上述荧光参数下降幅度小;在正常硝酸盐摩尔浓度(880 μmol/L)下,杜氏盐藻荧光参数Fv/Fo、NPQ和叶绿素相对含量均最高,对Cd2+的耐受性更强;在低磷酸盐摩尔浓度(2.27 μmol/L)下,杜氏盐藻的荧光参数(除NPQ外)、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均显著低于对照组和高磷处理组,表现为磷限制现象;在离磷酸盐摩尔浓度(290.40 μmol/L)下,杜氏盐藻的荧光参数(除NPQ外)、细胞密度和叶绿素相对含量均明显高于低磷处理组和对照组,杜氏盐藻受Cd2+胁迫程度最小.     

河南省在用柴油车加载减速烟度排放限值研究

随着车辆技术进步和燃油品质提升,河南省在用柴油车加载减速污染物现行排放限值已不能对高排放车辆进行有效监控。依据《确定压燃式发动机在用汽车加载减速法排气烟度排放限值的原则和方法》（HJ/T 241—2005）,采用相对光吸收系数与累积频率法,对9 458份在用柴油车检测数据进行统计分析,提出符合河南省的在用柴油车排放限值。建议河南省在用国三、国四、国五轻型柴油车尾气光吸收系数限值分别为0.98、0.89、0.76m^-1,而相应重型柴油车尾气光吸收系数限值分别为0.66、0.62、0.48m^-1;依据该限值,河南省在用柴油车的年检合格率控制在82.6%,高排放柴油车比例为17.4%,符合HJ/T 241—2005的要求。     

胶东半岛农村地区地下水重金属健康风险评价——以山东省莱阳市为例

重金属健康风险评价对居民身体健康具有重要意义。使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定了莱阳市农村的31个地下水体中重金属Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cd和Cr的含量水平,阐明了该地区重金属的空间分布特征、来源及其迁移规律,并运用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其引起的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,该地区地下水中Cr未检出,Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn和Cd的浓度范围分别是0～59、23～905、29～50 700、3～2 999、0～1μg/L。根据我国饮用水质量标准,所有样点中Cu和Cd的浓度未超标,Zn、Mn和Fe的超标率分别为22.58%、16.13%和6.45%,个别样点超标倍数甚高。健康风险评价结果表明,Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn通过饮用水途径产生的健康风险平均值分别为3.49×10-10、1.91×10-10、100.50×10-10、37.40×10-10a-1,均远低于ICRP(5×10-5a-1)和USEPA(1×10-4a-1)的最大可接受风险水平。但是Zn和Mn对人体健康危害的平均个人年风险明显高于其他地区,因此,该研究区非致癌物Zn和Mn的污染来源及其环境行为应该引起重视。该研究为该区域水质污染状况研究及治理监管工作提供理论依据,为其他地区重金属的监测和质量控制提供参考。