西北生态脆弱区畜禽粪污处理技术综合评价

畜禽粪污处理技术在不同地区适用性有较大差异。为全面、客观、科学地筛选出适宜西北地区的畜禽粪污处理技术,将生命周期评价、费用效益评价与层次分析法耦合,从技术、经济、气候、直接环境影响与间接环境影响5个方面,建立了包含18项指标的西北生态脆弱区畜禽粪污处理技术评价体系;以兰州市畜禽粪污处理技术为例,分析好氧堆肥、厌氧发酵、垫料利用3种处理技术的适用性。结果表明：兰州市畜禽粪污处理技术适用性综合排序为垫料利用（72.21分）>好氧堆肥（71.55分）>厌氧发酵（68.79分）,垫料利用技术更适宜在西北地区推广;垫料利用技术环境友好性明显优于厌氧发酵和好氧堆肥技术;使用好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵技术处理畜禽粪污可为养殖场增加额外收益。该研究可为西北地区畜禽粪污处理技术模式构建和优化提供指导。

     

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600?nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.     

Regionalization based on spatial and seasonal variation in ground-level ozone concentrations across China

Owing to the vast territory of China and strong regional characteristic of ozone pollution,it's desirable for policy makers to have a targeted and prioritized regulation and ozone pollution control strategy in China based on scientific evidences. It's important to assess its current pollution status as well as spatial and temporal variation patterns across China.Recent advances of national monitoring networks provide an opportunity to insight the actions of ozone pollution. Here, we present rotated empirical orthogonal function(REOF)analysis that was used on studying the spatiotemporal characteristics of daily ozone concentrations. Based on results of REOF analysis in pollution seasons for 3 years' observations, twelve regions with clear patterns were identified in China. The patterns of temporal variation of ozone in each region were separated well and different from each other, reflecting local meteorological, photochemical or pollution features. A rising trend in annual averaged Eight-hour Average Ozone Concentrations(O_3-8 hr) from 2014 to 2016 was observed for all regions, except for the Tibetan Plateau. The mean values of annual and 90 percentile concentrations for all 338 cities were 82.6 ± 14.6 and 133.9 ± 25.8 μg/m~3,respectively, in 2015. The regionalization results of ozone were found to be influenced greatly by terrain features, indicating significant terrain and landform effects on ozone spatial correlations. Among 12 regions, North China Plain, Huanghuai Plain, Central Yangtze River Plain, Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin were realized as priority regions for mitigation strategies, due to their higher ozone concentrations and dense population.     

污泥龄对除磷亚硝化颗粒系统的影响

以低C/N比生活污水为研究对象,接种成熟除磷颗粒污泥,探究泥龄对中低温度下(14～21℃)除磷亚硝化颗粒污泥的影响.结果表明,常温下(20℃±1℃),泥龄为30 d,曝气量为5 L·(h·L)~(-1)可实现除磷颗粒污泥中AOB的富集,NAR达到90%以上.当温度降低到15℃,泥龄为40 d时除磷性能恶化,颗粒结构变松散并伴有丝状菌生成.相对充足的氧气使亚硝化失稳,NAR下降至22. 4%. NOB不具备迅速适应环境变化的能力,采取12 d厌氧饥饿加排泥的策略,削弱了NOB的相对活性,迅速恢复了除磷亚硝化性能.批次实验显示温度从20℃下降到15℃,聚磷菌仍能保持较高的氧利用率,但AOB的SOUR下降了18%,此时是温度而不是溶解氧浓度制约了氨氧化能力.控制泥龄为30 d,同时降低曝气量为4 L·(h·L)~(-1),实现了低温下(15℃±1℃)除磷亚硝化颗粒污泥系统的稳定运行.     

现实工况下挖掘机尾气排放特征分析

为量化挖掘机在实际施工作业中尾气排放特征,研究选取成都市不同建设工地在用的8台挖掘机,利用便携式尾气测量系统对其进行现实工况下的尾气排放测量,测试按挖掘机的不同作业特点分怠速、行走和作业进行.测量的尾气排放污染物包括CO、HC、NO和PM_2.5.结果表明,挖掘机的尾气排放随工况的不同而不同,怠速时NO排放平稳,行走和作业时排放速率波动较大.满足不同尾气排放标准的挖掘机,其尾气排放也有所不同,例如,国Ⅱ阶段的挖掘机与国Ⅰ阶段的挖掘机相比,其在怠速、行走、作业工况下尾气排放的NO分别减小8%、35%和5%,PM_2.5分别降低88%、87%和80%.另外,本研究中挖掘机尾气排放的实测结果与我国非道路机械尾气排放因子技术指南中推荐的用于排放清单估算的排放因子相比,也均有显著不同.这说明,开展非道路机械尾气排放现实工况下的测量,对于提高尾气排放清单精准度具有重要作用.     

关于我国环境空气质量监测点位设置的思考

设置各种空气质量监测点位时,应以监测网络的监测目的为根本出发点,并同时考虑点位功能和空间代表尺度、点位环境条件以及实际经济技术条件等因素。一个完整的环境空气质量监测网络应涵盖各类功能的监测点位,从而达到监测网络建设的多目标要求,然而空气质量监测点位的建设是一个不断发展和完善的过程。目前我国城市空气质量监测点以空气质量评价点为主,其目的是掌握城市整体空气质量状况和长期变化趋势,为环境管理和污染防治提供决策依据,但这类监测点位的功能相对单一,难以满足公众了解详尽的空气质量状况信息的需求。未来,随着监测投入的增加,我国应进一步完善地方监测网络建设,使之涵盖不同功能的监测点位,从而更好地为公众提供空气质量预警信息和健康指引。     

Experimental study on filtration and continuous regeneration of a particulate filter system for heavy-duty diesel engines

This study investigated the filtration and continuous regeneration of a particulate filter system on an engine test bench, consisting of a diesel oxidation catalyst（DOC） and a catalyzed diesel particulate filter（CDPF）. Both the DOC and the CDPF led to a high conversion of NO to NO2 for continuous regeneration. The filtration efficiency on solid particle number（SPN） was close to100%. The post-CDPF particles were mainly in accumulation mode. The downstream SPN was sensitively influenced by the variation of the soot loading. This phenomenon provides a method for determining the balance point temperature by measuring the trend of SPN concentration.     

基于沼液的培养基及产油小球藻藻种选育

将产油小球藻培养与沼液污水处理结合,为小球藻生长提供营养和水源,同时实现了沼液污水的无害化处理.本研究利用4种产油小球藻,在沼液污水与绿藻培养基体积比为1∶9、1∶3、1∶1、3∶1形成的培养基中培养,以产油率为指标,选育出获得最高产油率时的沼液污水-绿藻培养基配比和小球藻藻种.结果表明,产油率最高的培养基体积比为1∶3,小球藻藻种为BJ05,该工况下产油率达到9.20 mg·(L·d)-1,高于纯绿藻培养基中的8.66 mg·(L·d)-1.在1/4污水比例培养基基础上,考查添加绿藻培养基中不同营养组分对BJ05产油率的影响,结果发现,在同时不添加碳酸钠和柠檬酸的情况下,BJ05的产油率为9.36 mg·(L·d)-1,COD、TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)、NH+4-N去除率分别达到59%、75%、61%、100%.而其他营养成分缺失则显著降低了BJ05的生物量,进而降低了产油率,所以进一步优化培养基为绿藻培养基中不添加碳酸钠和柠檬酸的体积比为1∶3的沼液污水-绿藻培养基.     

营养条件对污水中小球藻生长及产能效应的影响

以过滤的富营养化的鱼塘废水为培养液,添加外源的碳、氮、磷元素,考察污水中不同的外源无机碳浓度、总氮浓度、总磷浓度对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生长、油脂含量和烃类含量的影响。在25℃、光照强度为4 500 Lux、光暗比为12L:12D的条件下培养10 d。单因子方差分析和多重比较结果表明:(1)以Na2CO3做碳源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在外源无机碳浓度为6 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在外源无机碳浓度为12 mg/L最高。(2)以KNO3做氮源,小球藻生物量在总氮浓度为25 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总氮浓度为15 mg/L时最高,烃含量在总氮浓度为20 mg/L时最高。(3)以KH2PO4做磷源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在总磷浓度为2 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总磷浓度为1.5 mg/L时最高。