Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative

The decay of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi cause significant economic loss. The widely used chromated copper arsenate was prohibited for the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. It was found that natural product hinokitiol (HK) had fungicidal and insecticidal activities, and its toxicity was bearable for the environment. We described the practical synthesis of HK-K salt. According to the GB/T18261-2000 and LY/T1283-1998, wood preservative performance of HK-K salt was tested. The results showed that the best inhibitory concentration of HK-K salt was 50 mg/L, for which the prevention effectiveness on mold is better, the killed value is between 0 and 1, and the corrosion-resistant for wood-rotting fungi is grade A.     

基于CVM的城市环境价值评价研究——以中国34个城市为例

随着城市经济的增长,人们生活水平的提高,城市环境也受到了严重的破坏。近些年来,区域环境事件层出不穷,城市环境问题越来越受到社会各界的关注。对城市环境价值进行评价,可以反映城市环境管理的公众参与度,有利于生态文明城市的建设。文章运用条件价值评估法(CVM)对中国各大城市进行了支付意愿的计算,量化并对比分析了各大城市居民的环境支付意愿,最后给出了城市环境管理中公众参与的一些建议。     

Atmospheric emission of polychlorinated biphenyls from multiple industrial thermal processes

In this study, field measurements were conducted to estimate and characterize the atmospheric emission levels and profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from multiple industrial thermal processes. The emission levels and profiles of PCBs from five types of thermal processes at twenty-three plants were studied and compared with eight processes reported in our previous studies. Correlation analysis was preformed to identify a marker congener for emission of ΣPCB. A significant correlation was observed between congener CB-118 and ΣPCB (R² = 0.65 and p < 0.01), which suggests that CB-118 is a good marker congener for emission of ΣPCB. The profiles of PCBs emitted from the thirteen thermal processes were compared, and this information could be used for studying source–receptor relationships and identifying the specific sources of PCBs. To prioritize the sources for control, the concentrations of PCBs from thirteen industrial thermal sources were compared. The PCB concentrations from secondary zinc smelting and thermal wire reclamation were about one to three order magnitude higher than those of other sources, which suggests that these two sources be given priority in PCB source control. Finally, the atmospheric emission factors of PCBs from the thirteen industrial sources were summarized, and these data will be useful for developing an integrated emission inventory of PCBs.     

基于层次分析法的特种设备使用单位风险评价体系研究

以层次分析法为研究工具,从人、机、环、管4个方面构建使用单位风险评价指标体系,确立各层级指标的权重,建立风险评价模型,制定评级标准,为进一步加强对使用单位的分类监管提供一个参考。     

不同粒度煤的瓦斯解吸扩散规律实验研究

为了证实和完善极限粒度理论,制备了煤粒度毫米级至厘米级(>10 mm)的5种粒度煤样,利用H-Sorb 2600T高温高压气体吸附分析仪对不同粒度的煤样进行等温吸附-解吸实验,并采用动扩散系数模型计算了煤粒瓦斯解吸扩散系数,分析不同粒度煤的扩散系数变化特征。研究结果表明:粒度毫米级煤样单位瓦斯解吸量和瓦斯解吸率随粒度的增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势;粒度厘米级煤样单位瓦斯解吸量和瓦斯解吸率随粒度的增大降幅较小;煤粒度在毫米级范围内,初始有效扩散系数D0e和平均有效扩散系数Dae随粒度的增大快速下降;煤粒度为厘米级时,初始有效扩散系数D0e和平均有效扩散系数Dae随粒度的增大基本保持不变;极限粒度理论正确可靠,煤的极限粒度小于10 mm。     

Occurrence and risk assessment of currently used organophosphate pesticides in overlying water and surface sediments in Guangzhou urban waterways,China

Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are one type of the most massively used pesticides and ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments, which may pose potential risks to the aquatic organisms and human health. In the present study, the spatiotemporal distribution and potential risks of OPPs were investigated in overlying water and surficial sediments from urban waterways of Guangzhou. For all studied sites, in general, four target OPPs (i.e., malathion, chlorpyrifos, terbufos, and diazinon) were present in the overlying water, with malathion and chlorpyrifos as major components. Higher concentrations of the four OPPs were found for the water and sediments collected in the dry season compared to the wet season, possibly because of the dilution effect of heavy rains. The results of Pearson’s analyses and principal coordinate analyses (PCoA) suggested similar sources for target OPPs in the water and sediments across the Guangzhou urban waterways. Potential ecological risks of the OPPs to three representative taxons (algae, aquatic invertebrates, and fish) were evaluated via toxic units (TUs) and risk quotients (RQs), while risk assessment on human health was performed using hazard index (HI). Although TU results showed no acute risks to the aquatic organisms in the overlying water and surface sediments, RQ results of the mixture showed high risks to the aquatic invertebrate and fish in all water samples. Individual HI values and cumulative HI values were on the order of 10^?6–10^?3 for children and adults, suggesting no potential risks to either children or adults through drinking and bathing.

Graphical abstract

     

两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液的启动研究

采用两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理早期城市生活垃圾渗滤液。系统出水按不同比例回流到一级UASB中进行反硝化，同时进行产甲烷反应，有机物在二级UASB中被进一步降解，好氧池完成剩余有机物的去除和氨氮的硝化。启动阶段通过对原渗滤液不同比例的稀释，分5次逐步提高进水浓度，启动结束时完成了对原渗滤液的高效处理。在进水COD浓度从3000mg／L提高到15000mg／L，氨氮浓度从250mg／L提高到1400mg／L时，最终COD去除率稳定在92％左右，氨氮去除率可达99％以上，一级UASB中反硝化率接近100％，回流比为300％时系统总氮去除率为70％～80％。     

染料高效吸附菌Penicillium oxalicum表面特征解析

本研究利用Zeta电位和酸碱滴定技术对Penicillium oxalicum菌体的表面性质进行了表征，应用线性规划法求解出菌体表面在表面反应中起主要作用的4种基团酸度常数分别为4．O、7．0,8．8和10．0。与文献中数据的比较推断这些基团为羧基、磷酸基团、胺基及羟基，菌体的FTIR红外光谱解析初步验证了这一结果，上述结论为进一步研究生物吸附中菌体与吸附质之间的作用提供了必要的依据。     

全球大气降水年均氚浓度恢复模型(1960-2014年)

运用环境同位素氚（³H）建立模型来定量研究地下水运动规律已被广泛应用于水文地质和环境监测领域,大气降水氚浓度是这类模型中必须的输入值.目前已建立的全球大气降水氚浓度模型（MGMTP）为这一领域的研究提供了一种恢复全球范围内年平均氚浓度的新方法,但该氚浓度模型后期恢复数据出现异常负值及面临适用年限等问题.因此,本文选用国际原子能机构和世界气象组织提供的1960—2014年全球氚浓度值实测资料,基于因子分析法拓展了MGMTP模型的适用年份,并对不同的数据预处理及分析方法进行了对比,同时对MGMTP模型提及的"异常负值"问题进行了进一步明确与改进.最后把模型应用于南北半球的典型站点,将恢复得到的数据与实测数据进行对比,发现拓展后的MGMTP模型结果能较好地拟合实测数据.研究表明,该模型具有简单易用、时间序列长、全球性适用等优点,尤其对缺少大气降水氚浓度实测数据的地区具有重要参考价值.     

孔隙介质中生物膜空间分布及其对渗透性影响研究

孔隙介质地下水污染的生物修复过程中,微生物附着在介质颗粒表面,造成生物堵塞,影响生物修复的效率.对二维砂箱中的生物堵塞实验数据进行了统计分析,统计结果表明生物膜厚度在空间上服从正态分布.现有的定量刻画多孔介质生物膜与渗透率的模型一般均假设生物膜均质等厚地覆盖在颗粒表面,与实验结果不符.为探讨多孔介质中生物膜厚度变化对渗透率计算结果的影响,本文选择常用的Taylor模型中二大类六种模型进行比较分析研究.计算结果表明:生物膜厚度参数对模型计算结果影响显著,利用最小生物膜厚度计算得到的相对渗透率比利用最大生物膜厚度计算时的结果大1～4个数量级;不同模型对生物膜厚度参数的敏感性不同,其中Mualem模型最为敏感;Mualem Model利用平均值计算所得相对渗透率与实验测量结果相符,基于正态分布的生物膜厚度统计均值具有一定的代表性;Mualem模型更适用于计算孔隙介质中生物堵塞时对渗透率的影响.