电絮凝处理油田生化出水

为了减轻对后续处理中超滤膜的污染,采用电絮凝法处理油田生化出水,降低油田生化出水中的有机物含量。研究了电流强度、曝气时间和pH值对水中总有机碳（TOC）和浊度除去效果的影响以及pH值随曝气时间的变化趋势,通过红外光谱对絮凝处理前后水中总溶解固体进行了分析,优化了电絮凝的工艺条件。研究表明,当水流速度控制在50 mL/s,电流强度为2 A,500 mL絮凝出水的曝气时间为30 min时,整套絮凝工艺对TOC的去除率为48%,浊度去除率为42.9%,COD去除率为44%。     

不同改性多壁碳纳米管对Cr3+的吸附性能

通过催化裂解法制备多壁碳纳米管,利用不同化学试剂对多壁碳纳米管改性,研究了不同化学改性对多壁碳纳米管表面物理化学特性的影响和Cr3＋的吸附特性。结果表明,所制备的多壁碳纳米管孔隙均匀,外径为30～50 nm,长度为0.5～2μm,经过不同化学改性表面有效地引入了含氧基团。未改性、H2SO4、HNO3、H2SO4-HNO3改性碳纳米管对Cr3＋的吸附动力学均符合Langergren模型;吸附等温线均符合Freundlich模型。温度和pH升高均有利于改性多壁碳纳米管对Cr3＋的吸附。     

TiO2/Ti及其改性处理聚乙二醇模拟废水

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2/Ti负载体系,并以聚乙二醇2000（PEG-2000）为模拟废水对其光催化性能进行研究。实验表明,TiO2/Ti的最佳负载条件为镀膜层数8层、pH值为3、焙烧温度700℃、焙烧时间2 h,掺杂Fe3＋、Ag＋、La3＋、Pt4＋4种金属离子均可有效提高TiO2/Ti对PEG-2000模拟废水的处理效果,在Ag＋掺杂量为0.3%、焙烧温度800℃时,2.5h反应后的COD去除率达到了79.5%。XRD分析表明,金属离子的加入抑制了TiO2由锐钛矿相向金红石相转化。GC-MS分析表明,PEG-2000的光催化是大分子分解为小分子然后被矿化的过程。     

湘江株洲段丰水期镉污染负荷总量测算及分配

以2010年8月湘江干流株洲段代表性断面水质与底泥监测资料以及其他资料为基础,采用WASP7模型模拟该江段丰水期镉浓度,并进行镉污染负荷测算与分配。研究结果表明,WASP7模型较好地重现了镉浓度的变化规律,8月份该河段上游镉入流量2 446.33 kg,下游出流量3 076.44 kg,区间增量630.12 kg,其中点源负荷量241.67 kg,占38.4%,面源负荷量304.49 kg,占48.3%,内源负荷量为83.96 kg,占13.3%。     

某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染调查与评价

为了解湘南某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染状况,对该矿区东河流域附近重金属污染源进行了调查,同时,对地下水和土壤样品进行了采样分析,结果表明：（1）该矿区东河流域附近的主要污染源有18个,其中有色金属选厂、尾矿库、采矿场和冶炼厂是排放重金属较多的污染源;（2）20个采样点中土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg大部分超过国家土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995）,综合污染指数P综〉1,该矿区主要的重金属污染元素为Cd、As和Hg,且土壤中Cd、Zn和As的含量两两之间存在着极显著的正线性相关关系;（3）重金属元素在土壤中的纵向迁移不明显,该矿区附近20个采样点的地下水并未受到污染,综合污染指数P综〈1。20个采样点地下水Pb、Cd、Zn、As、Hg浓度均能达到地下水质量标准（GB／T14848．9）中的Ⅲ类标准。     

城市道路暴雨径流水质特性及控制对策

由于暴雨径流冲刷引起的城市面源污染已成为受纳水体污染的主要来源。在综合国内外相关文献的基础上,分析了城市道路暴雨径流中污染物的赋存形态,总结了不同环境背景下城市道路暴雨径流污染物的浓度水平,阐述了城市道路暴雨径流水质的影响因素,论述了城市道路暴雨径流污染的控制对策,指出合理确定初期暴雨径流控制量、科学选取/设计控制技术、将暴雨径流控制措施与城市规划有机结合构建调控网络是城市道路暴雨径流污染控制的可行途径。     

洞庭湖湿地土壤持水能力及其影响因素研究

土壤持水能力是反映土壤调节水文和供给植物耗水的重要指标,受土壤有机质、容重、机械组成和植物地下生物量的直接或间接影响。与森林和农田生态系统相比,湿地土壤持水能力关注较少。于2010年12月,对洞庭湖湿地3种主要植被（苔草、芦苇和杨树）土壤持水能力、土壤理化性质和地下生物量进行了调查,并采用主成分分析对影响土壤持水能力的主要环境因子进行了分析。结果表明：除非毛管孔隙度外,3种植被上层土壤的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水量和含水量差异显著,均为苔草＞芦苇=杨树,而中、下层无显著差异。沙粒为苔草≥杨树≥芦苇,而粗粉粒、细粉粒和粘粒均为杨树≥芦苇≥苔草;容重为杨树≥芦苇＞苔草,有机质为苔草=芦苇＞杨树。各级别生物量在植被类型大小顺序不一：总地下生物量、0～1 mm和＞5 mm径级地下生物量均以芦苇最大,而1～5 mm径级地下生物量则以苔草最大。主成分分析表明,上层土壤,容重、有机质和1～5 mm径级地下生物量是影响其持水能力的主要因素,而中层土壤和下层土壤,环境因子对土壤持水能力的影响很小。此研究对于洞庭湖生物多样性保护和湿地管理政策的制定具有重要意义     

Evaluation of a classification method for biodegradable solid wastes using anaerobic degradation parameters

We studied the biochemical and anaerobic degradation characteristics of 29 types of materials to evaluate the effects of a physical composition classification method for degradable solid waste on the computation of anaerobic degradation parameters, including the methane yield potential (L₀), anaerobic decay rate (k), and carbon sequestration factor (CSF). Biochemical methane potential tests were conducted to determine the anaerobic degradation parameters of each material. The results indicated that the anaerobic degradation parameters of nut waste were quite different from those of other food waste and nut waste was classified separately. Paper was subdivided into two categories according to its lignin content: degradable paper with lignin content of <0.05 g g VS^?1, and refractory paper with lignin content >0.15 g g VS^?1. The L₀, k, and CSF parameters of leaves, a type of garden waste, were similar to those of grass. This classification method for degradable solid waste may provide a theoretical basis that facilitates the more accurate calculation of anaerobic degradation parameters.     

Influence of Spartina alterniflora on the mobility of heavy metals in salt marsh sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary, China

Using bio-disturbed sulphide to trace the mobility and transformation of Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in the sediments of the Spartina alterniflora-dominated salt marsh in the Yangtze River Estuary, measurements were made of the seasonal variations of acid-volatile sulphide (AVS) and of the simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in the rhizosphere sediments. Microcosm incubation experiments recreating flooding conditions were conducted to evaluate the effect of AVS and other metal binding phases upon the dynamics of Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in the salt marsh sediments. The results demonstrate that the ratio values of SEM/AVS have a significant seasonal variation in the rhizosphere sediments and that the anoxic conditions in the sediments were likely enhanced by S. alterniflora during the summer and autumn compared with the anoxic conditions resulting from the native species Phragmites australis and Scirpus mariqueter. The incubation experiments suggest that Fe(III) and Mn(IV/III) (hydr)oxides provide important binding sites for heavy metals under oxic conditions, and sulphide provides important binding sites for the Cu and Pb under anoxic conditions. Our observations indicate that the mobility of heavy metals in the salt marsh sediments is strongly influenced by biogeochemical redox processes and that the invasive S. alterniflora may increase the seasonal fluctuation in heavy metal bioavailability in the salt marsh ecosystem.     

Toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to metal-contaminated soils

The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) induced by field-contaminated, metal-polluted soils. Biochemical responses and DNA damage of earthworm exposed to two multi-metal-contaminated soils in a steel industry park and a natural reference soil in Zijin Mountain for 2, 7, 14, and 28 days were studied. Results showed that three enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and cellulase, in earthworm in metal-contaminated soils were significantly different from those of the reference soil. Cellulase and AChE were more sensitive than SOD to soil contamination. The Olive tail moment of the comet assay after 2-day exposure increased 56.5 and 552.0 % in two contaminated soils, respectively, compared to the reference soil. Our findings show that cellulase and DNA damage levels can be used as potential biomarkers for exposure of earthworm to metal-polluted soils.