Bioanalytical and instrumental analysis of thyroid hormone disrupting compounds in water sources along the Yangtze River

Thyroid hormone (TH) agonist and antagonist activities of water sources along the Yangtze River in China were surveyed by a green monkey kidney fibroblast (CV-1) cell-based TH reporter gene assay. Instrumental analysis was conducted to identify the responsible thyroid-active compounds. Instrumentally derived l-3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T₃) equivalents (T₃-EQs) and thyroid receptor (TR) antagonist activity equivalents referring to dibutyl phthalate (DBP-EQs) were calculated from the concentrations of individual congeners. The reporter gene assay demonstrated that three out of eleven water sources contained TR agonist activity equivalents (TR-EQs), ranging from 286 to 293 ng T₃/L. Anti-thyroid hormone activities were found in all water sources with the TR antagonist activity equivalents referring to DBP (Ant-TR-EQs), ranging from 51.5 to 555.3 μg/L. Comparisons of the equivalents from instrumental and biological assays suggested that high concentrations of DBP and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were responsible for the observed TR antagonist activities at some locations along the Yangtze River.     

Size distribution and diurnal and seasonal trends of ultrafine particles in source and receptor sites of the Los Angeles basin

This paper presents results from a study conducted in two urban areas of southern California, Downey and Riverside, to examine the effect of different sources and formation mechanisms on the size distribution and temporal trends of ultrafine particles. Near-continuous data were collected for 5 months at each location. Our data clearly identified Downey as a source site, primarily affected by vehicular emissions from nearby freeways, and Riverside as a receptor site, where photochemical secondary reactions form a substantial fraction of particles, along with local vehicular emissions. In Downey, the diurnal trends of total particle number concentration and elemental carbon (EC) appear to be almost identical throughout the day and irrespective of season, thereby corroborating the role of primary emissions in the formation of these particles. This agreement between EC and particle number was not observed in Riverside during the warmer months of the year, while very similar trends to Downey were observed during the winter months in that area. Similarly, the size distribution of ultrafine particles in Downey was generally unimodal with a mode diameter of 30-40 nm and without significant monthly variations. The number-based particle size distributions obtained in Riverside were bimodal, with a significant increase in accumulation mode as the season progressed from winter to summer. During the warmer months, there was also an increase in sub-100-nm particles in the afternoon hours, between 2:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., that also increased with the temperature. The differences observed in the ultrafine particle distribution and temporal trends clearly demonstrated that mechanisms other than direct emissions play an important role in the formation of ultrafine particles in receptor sites of the Los Angeles Basin.     

一株微生物絮凝剂产生菌的培养基优化研究

利用单因子实验和部分因子实验对实验室保藏的产絮凝剂菌种C3的培养基进行优化,以提高C3菌所产生的微生物絮凝剂MBFC3的絮凝效果.实验结果表明,C3菌产MBFC3的最适培养基为: 蔗糖1.0 g,(NH4)2SO4 0.24 g,FeSO4 0.10 g,KH2PO4 0.40 g,MgSO4 0.01 g,NaCl 0.02 g,蒸馏水100 mL,pH值自然.在此培养条件下,C3菌所产生的微生物絮凝剂MBFC3对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝率可达到99.1%.实验中还发现,培养基中(NH4)2SO4和NaCl的用量是影响MBFC3絮凝效果的显著因素.     

太湖西岸地表水中极性有机污染物非靶向筛查与生态风险评估

环境中新兴污染物层出不穷,已经成为当前环境研究的关键问题.为全面筛查太湖西岸武进和宜兴地区地表水中的潜在极性有机污染物,基于高效液相色谱和飞行时间质谱联用技术进行非靶向筛查,利用精确质量数、同位素分布和二级碎片信息进行质谱库匹配共识别出162个有机物,包括46种农药、34种药物、8种个人护理产品、27种添加剂、17种有机合成中间体和30种动植物代谢物或天然物质,其中45个有机物经过标准品验证.对42种污染物进行定量分析并对3种营养级模式生物物种进行生态风险评估,发现25种污染物具有中等风险以上,12种污染物具有高风险.非靶向筛查能够在无先验信息和标准品的情况下全面识别潜在未知污染物,不仅快速、准确和分析通量高,还能为后续生态风险评估提供重要的依据.     

高温堆肥法处理污泥的探讨

对于污水处理后所产生的污泥,较好的方法是采用无害化、资源化农用技术,利用污泥为原料,制成有机复合肥,不仅解决了污水污泥的处理问题,还可推动环保产业的发展,促进农业生产,具有明显的经济、社会和环境效益。     

还原脱氯-生物联合降解2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

采用Pd/Fe双金属对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)进行催化还原脱氯,以活性污泥对2,4-D脱氯产物进行生物氧化,考察初始pH、活性污泥量、污染物初始浓度、温度等因素对生物氧化的影响情况.通过PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳分析污泥体系菌群变化情况,高效液相色谱测定来推测目标污染物的降解过程.结果表明:1 Pd/Fe双金属可有效还原2,4-D,其主要先还原为2-氯苯氧乙酸(2-CPA),最终顺序脱氯为苯氧乙酸(PA).2 2,4-D具有较大生物毒性,其脱氯产物毒性下降,更易被生物降解.3 pH=7、污泥量50 mL/200 mL、适量的初始PA浓度(14.6 mg·L-1)和30℃均有利于PA的去除.在该条件下反应96 h,PA去除率可达84.3%.     

金属冶选尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染诊断

通过对某尾矿库周边15个取样点的土壤进行取样调查,根据国家土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618—1995),采用单项污染指数法、综合污染指数法对该区的土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)含量进行评价。结果表明:所有采样点的土壤重金属含量均未超过GB 15618—1995二级标准值,各金属污染程度为Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb;采样点土壤中Cu含量均未超过GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Pb在采样点GW-3、GW-5、GW-6、GW-7的含量超过了GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Zn在采样点GW-2、GW-8的含量也超过了GB 15618—1995一级标准值,Cd在采样点GW-5、GW-7的含量超过GB15618—1995一级标准值;尾矿库四周污染程度依次为:东侧>南侧>北侧>西侧。     

经济发达县域耕地土壤重金属污染评价及其影响因素分析

通过对昆山市14个区镇91个土壤样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Hg、Zn 8种重金属测定分析，对该市耕地土壤重金属污染进行评价并进行重金属污染的影响因素分析。结果表明，昆山市耕地土壤存在不同程度的轻微污染，重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg、Zn均超过国家土壤背景值，旱地、水田中均以Hg污染范围较广、变异系数较大。综合污染指数表现为水田（115）>旱地（100）。区镇耕地重金属污染评价表明千灯、陆扬、石浦、锦溪、石牌处于警戒值之内，蓬朗、周庄、张浦、正仪、周市、巴城、淀山湖、花桥、陆家轻度污染；昆山市耕地土壤中重金属元素均未超过土壤环境基本容量，能够保证作物品质和农业持续发展。同时，研究表明区域重金属轻微污染具有复合污染的特性，Cd、Pb相关性最高(〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗=0621 0)， Pb与Hg、Cu、Zn、Cu与Cr也有相关性（0438 7、0426 0、0350 9、0394 0），区域重金属的轻微污染受人为因素影响显著，研究指出应加强对区域优先控制污染物Hg、次优先控制污染物Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr的控制与治理。     

煤层透气性系数的优化和简化计算方法

煤层透气性系数是用以考察保护层开采效果和设计瓦斯抽采系统的重要参数之一,钻孔径向流量法是求取该系数最常用的算法。利用理论推导和图形分析方法,探讨流量准数、时间准数、煤层透气性系数与参数A,B间的关系。在此基础上,针对科研工作和现场管理的实际情况,提出求解透气性系数的2种新算法及其算法流程,并对时间准数-参数A,B函数关系中的间断点问题进行讨论和分析,解决此区间内求解透气性系数相应计算公式等问题。理论和实例分析表明:算法1在不更改最终计算公式和结果的前提下,省去了繁琐的试算过程,既保证了可靠性也优化了计算流程;算法2以稍减精度的代价对计算流程进行进一步的简化,其结果仍有较高精度。     

Electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by lactic acid enhancement in the catholyte

The electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by adding lactic acid in cathode chamber as an enhancing reagent was evaluated. Two sets of duplicate experiments with chromium contaminated kaolinite and with a silty soil sampled from a supeffund site in Califomia of USA and polluted by Cr and Cu, were carried out in a constant current mode. Changes of soil water content and soil pH before and after the electrokinetic experiments, and variations of voltage drop and electroosmosis flow during the treatments were examined. The results indicated that Cr, spiked as Cr(Ⅵ) in the kaolinite, was accumulated mainly in the anode chamber, and some of Cr and metal hydroxides precipitated in the soil sections in contact with the cathode, which significantly increased electrical energy consumption. Treatment of the soil collected from the site showed accumulation of large amounts of Cr and Cu in the anode chamber while none was detected in the cathode one. The results suggested that the two metals either complexed with the injected lactic acid at the cathode or existed as negatively charged complex, and electromigrated toward the anode under a voltage gradient.