Effects of metal cations on sorption-desorption of p-nitrophenol onto wheat ash

The mutual e ects of metal cations (Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+) and p-nitrophenol (NP) on their adsorption desorption behavior onto wheat ash were studied. Results suggested that Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ diminished the adsorption and increased the desorption of NP remarkably, while Cd2+ had no such e ect. In contrast, NP diminished the adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ onto ash, however, this suppression e ect depended on the initial concentrations of metal cations. NP had no e ect on Cd2+ adsorption on ash. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) studies suggested the following mechanisms responsible for the metal suppression e ect on NP adsorption: (1) large hydrated Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ shells occupied the surface of ash and prevent nonspecific adsorption of NP onto ash surface; (2) Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ may block the micropores of ash, resulting in decreased adsorption of NP; (3) complexation of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ was likely via carboxyl, hydroxylic and phenolic groups of wheat ash and these same groups may also react with NP during adsorption. As a “soft acid”, Cd2+ is less e cient in the complexation of oxygencontaining acid groups than Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+. Thus, Cd2+ had no e ect on the adsorption of NP on wheat ash.     

Ambient volatile organic compounds at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region: Variations, source apportionment and effects on ozone formation

We present the continuously measurements of volatile organic compounds（VOCs） at a receptor site（Wan Qing Sha, WQS） in the Pearl River Delta（PRD） region from September to November of 2017. The average mixing ratios of total VOCs（TVOCs） was 36.3 ± 27.9 ppbv with the dominant contribution from alkanes（55.5%）, followed by aromatics（33.3%）. The diurnal variation of TVOCs showed a strong photochemical consumption during daytime,resulting in the formation of ozone（O₃）. Five VOC sources were ...     

SRV菌去除电镀废水中铜的研究

为探索新的铜废水处理方法,更有效地治理铜废水造成的环境污染,用微生物及电镜法对SRV菌去除电镀废水中铜进行了研究。研究了菌量、铜离子浓度、溶液的pH值、作用的温度和时间等因素对SRV菌去除溶液中铜离子的影响。在菌废比1:1的情况下,对铜浓度为246.8mg/L的废水去除率达99.12％。观察了SRV菌处理铜废水前、后的扫描电镜、超薄切片透射电镜,推测其去除机制为铜与SRV菌代谢产物反应生成沉淀或直接被吸附于菌体表面而去除。     

苄·丁可湿性粉剂中丁草胺在稻田土壤和田水中残留动态

采用气相色谱法研究了35%苄·丁可湿性粉剂中丁草胺在2006年和2007年湖北省、广东省2年两地水稻田土壤和水中的残留降解动态和最终残留量.研究结果表明丁草胺在土壤和田水添加回收率分别为82.78%～93.20%和90.31%～93.51%.丁草胺在稻田土壤和田水中降解动态符合一级动力学指数模型,在湖北省和广东省水稻田土壤中的半衰期分别为3.21～3.83 d、2.49～3.66 d,水稻田水中的半衰期分别为1.20～1.66 d、1.13～1.48 d.861 g(a.i.)·hm-2和高剂量1 292 g(a.i.)·hm-2两个剂量施药后丁草胺在稻田土壤中的最终残留量为0.001 0～0.002 9 mg·kg-1.     

胚胎期和哺乳期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露致大鼠学习记忆能力下降

为了探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的发育神经毒性,寻找PFOS发育神经毒性作用的敏感期,利用水迷宫和组织病理切片技术,研究了胚胎期和哺乳期暴露于PFOS后新生大鼠发育情况、学习记忆能力、抓力以及海马组织病理学改变。结果显示：PFOS导致仔鼠发育迟缓,睁眼期延迟。仔鼠出生后体重与对照组相比出现显著性降低。同一PFOS暴露浓度下,胚胎期暴露组体重低于哺乳期暴露组,抓力差异不显著。水迷宫实验结果显示,TT15(胚胎期和哺乳期均暴露于15 mg·L^-1 PFOS)和TC15(仅胚胎期暴露于15 mg·L^-1 PFOS)暴露组仔鼠逃避潜伏期显著高于对照组,且TC15暴露组仔鼠逃避潜伏期显著性高于CT15(仅哺乳期暴露于15 mg·L^-1 PFOS)暴露组。空间探索实验中,TT15暴露组仔鼠在目标象限的游泳时间显著性低于对照组,其他组无显著性差异。组织病理切片结果显示暴露组海马组织细胞数量减少,出现细胞凋亡现象。结果表明,PFOS造成仔鼠的发育延迟以及学习记忆能力下降的关键作用时期可能是胚胎期。     

A review of atmospheric mercury emissions,pollution and control in China

Mercury, as a global pollutant, has significant impacts on the environment and human health. The current state of atmospheric mercury emissions, pollution and control in China is comprehensively reviewed in this paper. With about 500-800 t of anthropogenic mercury emissions, China contributes 25%-40% to the global mercury emissions. The dominant mercury emission sources in China are coal combustion, non-ferrous metal smelting, cement production and iron and steel production. The mercury emissions from natural sources in China are equivalent to the anthropogenic mercury emissions. The atmospheric mercury concentration in China is about 2-10 times the background level of North Hemisphere. The mercury deposition fluxes in remote areas in China are usually in the range of 10-50μg·m^-2·yr^-1. To reduce mercury emissions, legislations have been enacted for power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters and waste incinerators. Currently mercury contented in the flue gas is mainly removed through existing air pollution control devices for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particles. Dedicated mercury control technologies are required in the future to further mitigate the mercury emissions in China.     

A red water occurrence in drinking water distribution systems caused by changes in water source in Beijing,China: mechanism analysis and control measures

A red water phenomenon occurred in several communities few days after the change of water source in Beijing, China in 2008. In this study, the origin of this problem, the mechanism of iron release and various control measures were investigated. The results indicated that a significant increase in sulphate concentration as a result of the new water source was the cause of the red water phenomenon. The mechanism of iron release was found that the high-concentration sulphate in the new water source disrupted the stable shell of scale on the inner pipe and led to the release of iron compounds. Experiments showed that the iron release rate in the new source water within pipe section was over 11-fold higher than that occurring within the local source water. The recovery of tap water quality lasted several months despite ameliora- tive measures being implemented, including adding phosphate, reducing the overall proportion of the new water source, elevating the pH and alkalinity, and utilizing free chlorine as a disinfectant instead of chloramine. Adding phosphate was more effective and more practical than the other measures. The iron release rate was decreased after the addition of 1.5 mg. L-1 orthophosphate- P, tripolyphosphate-P and hexametaphosphate-P by 68%, 83% and 87%, respectively. Elevating the pH and alkalinity also reduced the iron release rate by 50%. However, the iron release rate did not decreased after replacing chloramine by 0.5-0.8 mg. L-1 of free chlorine as disinfectant.     

Hydroelectricity production and forest conservation in watersheds.

Globally, particularly in developing countries, hydroelectricity production and economic growth occur together with ecosystem/biodiversity conservation in watersheds. There is a relationship between hydroelectricity production and ecosystem/biodiversity conservation in watersheds, centering on the supply and demand for ecosystem services of river water flow regulation and sediment retention. Here we show that, in the upper reach of the Yangtze River, hydroelectricity production of Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant can form a beneficial relationship with forest conservation through the paid use (compensating residents for their cooperation in the conservation) of ecosystem services launched by the National Natural Forest Protection Project. This interaction can provide additional incentives to encourage local communities' long-term cooperation in conserving and protecting the restored forest ecosystems. Hydroelectricity plants also obtain benefits from this interaction. The industrialization of ecosystem services supply provides an operational framework for this beneficial interaction. Sustainable forest ecosystem conservation will require developing new institutions and policies and must involve local communities in the conservation and protection of their local forests.     

全氟化合物对水生植物的生态效应研究Ⅱ——金鱼藻对水中PFOS的生物富集及生理响应

为探究全氟化合物对水生植物的生态效应,选择金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)为受试生物,设定5、100、1 000、10 000、50 000、100 000μg·L-1以及对照共7个PFOS浓度梯度进行水培,分析包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)在内的抗氧化系统酶和细胞色素含量等生理响应特征,并研究金鱼藻对PFOS的生物有效性及富集能力。结果表明:金鱼藻对PFOS的富集量最高可达3 180 mg·kg-1dw,最大富集系数高达40.7倍,可作为PFOS污染水体植物修复的遴选物种。随PFOS浓度升高,SOD活力总体上没有明显变化,但POD活力表现为双重效用,即低浓度促进酶活力积累,而高浓度抑制酶活力积累。CAT活力在低浓度组(0、5、100、1 000μg·L-1),未表现出明显异常,在高浓度组(10 000、50 000、100 000μg·L-1),出现先升高后降低的趋势。色素含量也反应较为敏感,低浓度处理后色素含量升高,高浓度处理则导致色素含量先升高后降低,最高浓度处理下一直处于较低水平,可作为评价PFOS污染水体的生理敏感性指标。     

全氟化合物对水生植物的生态效应研究Ⅰ——典型城市河道全氟化合物的暴露水平及植物富集特征

全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)近年来得到国内外广泛关注,针对工业源排放区域的环境暴露、来源解析以及动物层面的生态效应有较多研究,但对于普遍存在于非工业源(生活源)的城市河道PFCs暴露及水生植物富集等研究较为缺乏。本研究选择位于北京北部东西贯通的城市河道——清河水体为对象,分析结果表明,清河水体中12种目标PFCs均有检出(总量最高为65.45 ng·L-1),并以全氟丁烷磺酸盐(perfluorobutane sulfonate,PFBS)为主(最高达45.63 ng·L-1);6种水生植物(篦齿眼子菜、黑藻、金鱼藻、芦苇、菖蒲及水葱)的富集物质均以全氟辛烷磺酸盐(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)和全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)为主,沉水植物中金鱼藻对于PFOS的蓄积效果优于黑藻及篦齿眼子菜,挺水植物中根部PFCs含量高于茎叶,根部PFOA及PFOS含量高于茎叶,但全氟丁酸(perfluorobutanoic acid,PFBA)含量茎叶则高于根部。整体来看,尽管芦苇、菖蒲和水葱3种挺水植物尚不能作为PFCs的超富集植物,但其根部对PFCs均有显著的吸收效果,具有一定的生态修复潜质;沉水植物中金鱼藻是北方自然河道的优势物种,且对PFOS具有显著的富集效应,因此有必要进一步探索其PFCs生物指示和生态修复功能。