Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO₂. The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO₂ and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO₂ are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min)^-1 and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO₂ serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.     

某冶炼企业含氨废水脱氨预处理工艺设计方案

通过对某有色金属企业的高浓度含氨废水进行脱氨处理的研究,设计了三级氨吹脱、吸收工艺。经预处理后,氨氮去除率达到98%以上,并且对氨水及副产品石膏进行回收利用,降低了企业成本,并且防止了二次污染。     

布袋除尘器和活性炭滤布对烟气中二噁英类的去除效果

通过实验研究了布袋除尘器、活性炭滤布吸附器以及二者的组合对小型垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二噁英类的去除效果.在炉膛温度850℃～900℃的条件下,3种方法对烟气中二噁英类的去除率分别为39.7%、61.9%、93.4%采用布袋除尘器+活性炭滤布吸附器能够在降低运行费用的同时使二噁英类的排放符合国家标准     

两级浸没式生物膜中水系统分析

通过改变进水有机负荷,对两级串联浸没式生物膜污水处理装置的技术性能进行了研究.其内容涉及到:各级反应器的有机物去除分担率、过滤器的作用、单双级生物反应器比较等问题.结果表明:第一、二级反应器分别承担了溶解性有机物去除负荷的76%和24%;砂滤系统对前一级出水COD的去除率高达42%;在相同有机负荷下,相对单级反应器,双级反应器不但有机物去除率高,而且运行稳定.     

太湖地区不同土地利用影响下水稻土重金属有效性库变化

在太湖地区调查选择了乡镇工业环境、集约化农业丰产方及长期肥料试验地等几种人类农业利用类型和环境影响的地块,采集水稻土耕层样本作若干重金属的有效性库分析.结果表明,各种环境和利用影响下太湖地区水稻土重金属有效性库都存在升高的趋势,其程度介于30%至200%,且以表层最为突出.近工业区环境和长期单施化肥下这种有效性库变化最为剧烈,其土壤Cu、Pb有效性库分别达到7.96～2.15 mg·kg^-1、24.7～3.47mg·kg^-1和8.34～4.42 mg·kg、9.01～4.95 mg·kg^-1.这种有效性升高伴随着总量的积累趋势可能是太湖地区土壤环境质量演变的当前特点,这必须在本地区农业与食物安全中备加关注.     

2013~2014年北京市NO2时空分布研究

根据2013~2014年北京市NO₂监测数据,对比分析了全年及重污染日NO₂时空分布特征.结果表明:2013年NO₂平均浓度为56μg/m³,2014年北京市NO₂年均浓度为56.7μg/m³.年均及重污染日NO₂月均浓度均呈波浪型分布,日变化呈双峰型分布;空间分布上北部及西部山区NO₂浓度明显低于中心城区及南部地区. NO₂浓度与PM_2.5、CO、NO呈正相关关系,与O₃、OX无明显相关性;全年NO₂光解速率峰值平均在0.105/min左右,重污染日光解速率峰值平均在0.026/min左右;全年及重污染期间,氮氧化速率分别为0.142±0.061、0.190±0.036;高浓度NO₂既有利于O₃生成,又对重污染的形成起到了促进作用;重污染日特定条件下北京市NO₂的两种转化机制以转化为NO₃^-过程为主导.经计算2000~2014年北京市机动车的保有量与NO₂浓度的相关系数R为-0.84,机动车NO_x排放量对北京市NO₂浓度的变化有显著的影响.     

福建沿海米氏凯伦藻赤潮对皱纹盘鲍的危害原因

针对2012年在福建沿海致鲍鱼大量死亡、造成了巨大经济损失的米氏凯伦藻赤潮,为验证鲍鱼短时间内大量死亡的原因是否来源于米氏凯伦藻自身的毒性效应,本文初步研究了不同环境条件下,分离自赤潮现场的一株米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)的急性毒性效应。实验过程中,监测了曝气与非曝气条件下,环境因素中氨氮(TAN)、pH、DO的变化。研究发现,曝气条件下,实验体系中DO的变动范围为7.3~7.8 mg/L,pH的变动范围为7.5~8.2,TAN浓度的变动范围为0.0035~0.084 mg/L(能维持贝类正常生存),此时米氏凯伦藻趋近于赤潮现场藻细胞数量时(3107/L),鲍鱼48 h死亡率为33.3%,96 h内死亡率达100%,说明此时鲍鱼的急剧死亡是由米氏凯伦藻本身的毒性效应引起的。在非曝气条件下, DO由7.1 mg/L降低至1.8 mg/L,实验体系中pH的变动范围为7.2~8.1,TAN的变动范围为0.007~0.051 mg/L,此时米氏凯伦藻藻细胞数量为3107/L时,鲍鱼16 h内死亡率达100%,说明低氧的环境条件可以导致赤潮对鲍鱼的毒性效应加剧。由此可以推测,赤潮发生时皱纹盘鲍短时间内的大量死亡与米氏凯伦藻本身的毒性效应有关,而低氧等环境条件可以导致毒性效应加剧。     

吉林西部盐碱水田区全球变暖潜势研究

为了探讨吉林西部土地整理工程对区域全暖所做贡献,基于实测的水田土壤温室气体数据,进行区域温室气体排放分析,为进一步评估水田开发对全球变暖的影响提供科学依据。以吉林省西部盐碱水田区为研究对象,将野外调查采样和小区试验相结合,采集了水田的0-30 cm表层土壤样品带回进行小区实验。在小区内挖取100 cm×100 cm×50 cm的坑,在土坑底部铺设塑料布后,将从采样点带回的土壤填进坑内灌水,种植水稻,6块样地分别为不同开发年限,其处置模式与前郭当地的水肥管理相同,样地周围挖掘了排水渠。通过静态箱-气相色谱法监测水稻生长期土壤所释放的温室气体 CH4,N2O 和CO2,计算水稻不同生长时期温室气体排放量及贡献率,估算研究区的区域变暖潜势（GWP）,结合30年水田面积变化加权法分析温室气体GWP贡献率。结果表明：水田生长期温室气体排放总量（以CO2气体计）随着开发年限的增加呈递增趋势,水田开发过程中CO2、CH4和N2O各时期温室气体排放的贡献率都有一定变化,CO2气体排放贡献率占主导地位在80%左右,CH4的贡献率16.69%-20.39%,是N2O的14-22倍,水田CH4气体的排放对研究区综合温室效应有较大贡献,水田开发初期N2O气体贡献率较成熟水田相比较高。在水稻生长旺盛期CO2气体贡献率下降明显,CH4气体贡献率显著升高,N2O气体贡献率变化不大,在返青期和成熟期CH4和N2O 2种气体贡献率均较小,其中,除成熟期外新开发水田的CH4气体贡献率均高于成熟水田,在水稻生长发育较快速的分蘖期、拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期,CO2气体贡献率下降且降幅明显,该阶段CH4气体对温室效应的贡献比重加大,远高于N2O气体。在水稻成熟期,3种温室气体的贡献率与其他时期相比发生较大变化,CH4比 N2O 略有优势,CO2所占比例恢复至95%。?     

Combined biologic aerated filter and sulfur/ceramisite autotrophic denitrification for advanced wastewater nitrogen removal at low temperatures

An innovative advanced wastewater treatment process combining biologic aerated filter （BAF） and sulfur/ ceramisite-based autotrophic denitrification （SCAD） for reliable removal of nitrogen was proposed in this paper. In SCAD reactor, ceramisite was used as filter and Ca （HCO3）2 was used for supplying alkalinity and carbon source. The BAF-SCAD was used to treat the secondary treatment effluent. The performance of this process was investigated, and the impact of temperature on nitrogen removal was studied. Results showed that the combined system was effective in nitrogen removal even at low temperatures （8℃）. Removal of total nitrogen （TN）, NH4＋ -N, NO3-N reached above 90% at room temperature. Nitrification was affected by the temperature and nitrification at low temperature （8℃） was a limiting factor for TN removal. However, denitrification was not impacted by the temperature and the removal of NO3 -N maintained 98% during the experimental period. The reason of effective denitrification at low temperature might be the use of easily dissolved Ca（HCO3）2 and high-flux ceramisite, which solved the problem of low mass transfer efficiency at low temperatures. Besides, vast surface area of sulfur with diameter of 2-6 mm enhanced the rate of microbial utilization. The removal of nitrate companied with the production of SO42-, and the average concentration of SO27 was about 240mg.L^-1. These findings would be beneficial for the application of this process to nitrogen removal especially in the winter and cold regions.     

气候与健康

气温与健康 人的体温恒定在37摄氏度左右,人体感觉最舒适的环境温度为20—28℃,而人体健康最理想的环境温度在18℃左右。人体对冷热有一定的适应调节功能,但是温度过高或过低．都会对人体健康产生不良影响。冬季当环境温度在4—10℃之间时,容易患感冒、咳嗽病．生冻疮。4℃以下时最易诱发心脏病,鼠死亡率较高。