EVALUATION OF NEXRAD STAGE III PRECIPITATION DATA OVER A SEMIARID REGION1

This study examines NEXRAD Stage III product (hourly, cell size 4 km by 4 km) for its ability in estimating precipitation in central New Mexico, a semiarid area. A comparison between Stage III and a network of gauge precipitation estimates during 1995 to 2001 indicates that Stage III (1) overestimates the hourly conditional mean (CM) precipitation by 33 percent in the monsoon season and 55 percent in the nonmonsoon season; (2) overestimates the hourly CM precipitation for concurrent radar‐gauge pairs (nonzero value) by 13 percent in the monsoon season and 6 percent in the nonmonsoon season; (3) overestimates the seasonal precipitation accumulation by 11 to 88 percent in monsoon season and underestimates by 18 to 89 percent in the nonmonsoon season; and (4) either overestimates annual precipitation accumulation up to 28.2 percent or underestimates it up to 11.9 percent. A truncation of 57 to 72 percent of the total rainfall hours is observed in the Stage III data in the nonmonsoon season, which may be the main cause for both the underestimation of the radar rainfall accumulation and the lower conditional probability of radar rainfall detection in the nonmonsoon season. The study results indicate that the truncation caused loss of small rainfall amounts (events) is not effectively corrected by the real‐time rain gauge calibration that can adjust the rainfall rates but cannot recover the truncated small rainfall events. However, the truncation error in the monsoon season may be suppressed due to the larger rainfall rate and/or combined effect of overestimates by bright band and hail contaminations, virga, advection, etc. In general, improvement in NEXRAD performance since the monsoon season in 1998 is observed, which is consistent with the systematic improvement in the NEXRAD network.     

藻类有机物的特性以及对超滤膜的污染

采用凝胶色谱、亲疏水性、荧光色谱等方法研究铜绿微囊藻类有机物的特性.结果表明,铜绿微囊藻类有机物(AOM)主要由亲水性组分构成,占78%,比紫外吸光度仅为1.1 L/(mg.m).超滤膜法测定结果表明,藻类有机物中相对分子质量30 000的有机物占40%以上,并且主要由中性亲水性组分构成.荧光色谱分析表明,AOM中含有蛋白质类和腐殖质类物质.膜过滤试验表明,藻类有机物对超滤膜造成严重的通量下降,这可归结为大分子的中性亲水性组分堵塞膜孔的缘故.     

生态单元制图在国外自然保护和城乡规划中的发展与应用

生态单元制图作为景观生态学研究方法之一,能够提供研究区域内基础详细的、保护或规划定向的、便于使用的生物学和生态学信息,该方法已经成为一些国家自然保护和城乡规划工作的基本工具。论文首先简明介绍了生态单元的定义和功能以及制图的两种主要方法。着重探讨了生态单元制图在国外30多年不同阶段的发展历程,并分析了生态单元制图在自然保护和城乡规划中应用的3个方面:物种和生境保护、土地利用规划和管理以及不同尺度景观规划和管理。另外,论文还对生态单元制图中存在的问题和不足以及深入研究的思路进行探讨。目前生态单元制图研究中存在的问题主要集中在生态单元调查的主观性、制图比例尺和G IS技术等方面。最后分析了生态单元制图在我国的研究现状以及生态单元制图在我国自然保护和城乡规划中应用的前景。     

Reductions in non-point source pollution through different management practices for an agricultural watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source water pollution generated by agricultural production is considered a major environmental issue in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) of China.The Annualised Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution(AnnAGNPS) model was selected to assess the impact of the application of various management treats,including seven crops,five fertilizer levels and three-group management practice scenarios,on water quality from Heigou River Watershed in TGRA.The scenario subsets include conservation tillage practice(CTP),conservation reserve program(CRP) and conversion of cropland into forestland program(CCFP).Results indicated that tea can not be replaced by other crops because comparatively tea resulted in a higher sediment yield.CTP with no-tillage was more effective to reduce sediment yield,but could increased nutrient loss.CRP reduced sediment yield significantly,but slightly benefited on nutrient loss.CCFP reduced not only sediment yield but also the nutrient loss significantly.The conversion of cropland with a slope greater than 10 ° into forestland was found to be the best scenario as the sediment yield export is less than 5 tons/ha and nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.     

基于VC++的地表水环境预测评价系统开发——河流模块的设计与应用

以我国地表水中的河流水质预测评价为例,采用VC++设计开发了适用范围较广具有可操作性的决策系统。结合水环境预测方法和导则标准,对本系统可操作的污染因子进行了选取,设计了持久性污染物、非持久性污染物、酸碱污染物的预测模块;采用综合水质评价方法中的水质质量系数法模型,设计了水质质量系数评价模块;根据最新的农村饮用水安全卫生评价标准,设计了系统的特色模块,感官性状及一般化学指标评价模块和毒理学指标评价模块。利用湖南常德澧县环境监测站所提供的数据,用模块计算值与实测值进行了对比检验,结果表明,本系统功能基本可实现,预测及评价数据可信,为完善环境决策管理软件做了新的研究尝试。     

湖泊富营养化评价模型的发展和应用

以湖泊富营养化模型研究的发展为主线,着重介绍了四类富营养化模型,即：营养盐模型,浮游植物生态模型,生态动力学模型和人工神经网络模型。通过对目前国内外常用富营养化模型的建立思路和应用实例进行概括和描述。对不同模型的优缺点和适用范围进行了分析比较,对水体富营养化研究的最新发展趋势进行了预测和展望,为湖泊水库综合管理提供了有效参考。     

Changes of main secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba in response to ozone fumigation

To investigate the effect of elevated O3 on the accumulation of main secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., four-year-old trees were exposed in open-top chambers with ambient air and the air with twice ambient O3 concentration in Shenyang in 2006.Elevated O3 increased the concentrations of terpenes, but decreased the concentrations of phenolics in G.biloba leaves.The results showed that secondary compounds from G.biloba leaves responded to the elevated O3 exposure in a different way when compared to previous studies which showed elevated O3 increased the concentrations of phenolics but had no effect on the terpenes in leaves of other deciduous trees.Furthermore, reduced synthesis of phenolics may decrease the resistance of G.biloba to O3 and other environmental factors.On the other hand, the induced synthesis of terpenes may enhance the antioxidant abilities in G.biloba leaves at the end of O3 fumigation.     

山东生态省建设人才规划及对策研究

研究在对2008年山东省环境保护人才资源总量、结构、分布等现状调查、统计基础上,剖析了环保人才队伍存在的主要问题。依据生态省建设的任务和目标,以单因素趋势外推模型和GM（1,1）灰色模型,预测了2010年、2015年、2020年环保人才需求,确定了生态省建设人才规划各项目标,并提出了实施人才规划的对策和措施。     

燃煤电厂现代水务管理技术在阜新发电厂应用

叙述了燃煤电厂水务管理技术的发展,提出了燃煤电厂现代水务管理技术,分析了阜新发电厂的水务管理现状,主要分析了用排水系统和水平衡结果,同时探讨了提高阜新电厂水务管理的途径,并对应用现代水务管理技术的效益进行分析,在阜新发电厂应用现代水务管理技术是完全可行的,燃煤电厂现代水务管理技术值得推广。     

SMBR应用于小规模中水回用工程的调试研究

对应用了SMBR的小规模中水回用工程进行了设计和调试,调试包括活性污泥的间歇培养和连续培养。连续培养试运行期间的监测值说明膜技术的优越性,氨氮和色度的去除主要依靠生物处理。