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71.
72.
Richard W. McDowell Ton SnelderRoger Littlejohn Matt HickeyNeil Cox Doug J. Booker 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):188-200
Land use change and the expansion of dairying are perceived as the cause of poor water quality in the 1881 km2 Pomahaka catchment in Otago, New Zealand. A study was conducted to determine the long-term trend at four sites, and current state in 13 sub-catchments, of water quality. Drains in 2 dairy-farmed sub-catchments were also sampled to determine their potential as a point source of stream contamination. Data highlighted an overall increase in the concentration of phosphorus (P) fractions at long-term sites. Loads of contaminants (nitrogen (N) and P fractions, sediment and Escherichia coli) were greatest in those sub-catchments with the most dairying. Baseline (without human influence) contaminant concentrations suggested that there was considerable scope for decreasing losses. At most sites, baseline concentrations were <20% of current median concentrations. Contaminant losses via drainage were recorded despite there being no rainfall that day and attributed to applying too much effluent onto wet soil. Modelling of P concentrations in one dairy-farmed sub-catchment suggested that up to 58% of P losses came from point sources, like bad effluent practice and stock access to streams. A statistical test to detect “contaminated” drainage was developed from historical data. If this test had been applied to remove contaminated drainage from samples of the two dairy-farmed sub-catchments, median contaminant concentrations and loads would have decreased by up to 58% (greater decreases were found for E. coli, ammoniacal-N and total P than other contaminants). This suggests that better uptake of strategies to mitigate contamination, such as deferred effluent irrigation (and low rate application), could decrease drainage losses from dairy-farmed land and thereby improve water quality in the Pomahaka catchment. 相似文献
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74.
In order to assist an integrated development of ionic liquids (ILs), a study on the sorption, distribution, and cytotoxicity of a series of 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborates with C6 rat glioma cells has been performed. Cellular sorption and distribution among three cellular fractions (cytosol, nuclei, and membranes) were analysed by reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). Compounds with longer 1-alkyl substituents were sorbed with higher enrichment factors and sorption coefficients per protein than those with shorter 1-alkyl chains. The 1-octyl-3-methyl imidazolium cation (C8MIM) was enriched 17-folds whereas C6MIM and C4MIM were enriched by factors of 3.5 and 2.3, respectively. After fractionation of cells by centrifugation, about 8% of C8MIM was found in the nuclear fractions. The cytotoxicity as estimated by the tetrazolium reductase assay was increasing with the lengths of the 1-alkyl chains from C4MIM to C10MIM. Consistently, cell proliferation rates were decreasing with increasing lengths of the 1-alkyl chains. The results reveal the correlations between lipophilicity, cellular sorption, and cytotoxicity. 相似文献
75.
Mid-ocean ridges are common features of the world’s oceans but there is a lack of understanding as to how their presence affects
overlying pelagic biota. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is a dominant feature of the Atlantic Ocean. Here, we examined data
on euphausiid distribution and abundance arising from several international research programmes and from the continuous plankton
recorder. We used a generalized additive model (GAM) framework to explore spatial patterns of variability in euphausiid distribution
on, and at either side of, the MAR from 60°N to 55°S in conjunction with variability in a suite of biological, physical and
environmental parameters. Euphausiid species abundance peaked in mid-latitudes and was significantly higher on the ridge than
in adjacent waters, but the ridge did not influence numerical abundance significantly. Sea surface temperature (SST) was the
most important single factor influencing both euphausiid numerical abundance and species abundance. Increases in sea surface
height variance, a proxy for mixing, increased the numerical abundance of euphausiids. GAM predictions of variability in species
abundance as a function of SST and depth of the mixed layer were consistent with present theories, which suggest that pelagic
niche availability is related to the thermal structure of the near surface water: more deeply-mixed water contained higher
euphausiid biodiversity. In addition to exposing present distributional patterns, the GAM framework enables responses to potential
future and past environmental variability including temperature change to be explored. 相似文献
76.
Gavin McDonald Molly Wilson Diogo Veríssimo Rebecca Twohey Michaela Clemence Dean Apistar Stephen Box Paul Butler Fel Cesar Cadiz Stuart J. Campbell Courtney Cox Micah Effron Steve Gaines Raymond Jakub Roquelito H. Mancao Pablo T. Rojas Rocky Sanchez Tirona Gabriel Vianna 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1176-1189
Small-scale fisheries are an important livelihood and primary protein source for coastal communities in many of the poorest regions in the world, yet many are overfished and thus require effective and scalable management solutions. Positive ecological and socioeconomic responses to management typically lag behind immediate costs borne by fishers from fishing pressure reductions necessary for fisheries recovery. These short-term costs challenge the long-term success of these interventions. However, social marketing may increase perceptions of management benefits before ecological and socioeconomic benefits are fully realized, driving new social norms and ultimately long-term sustainable behavior change. By conducting underwater visual surveys to quantify ecological conditions and by conducting household surveys with community members to quantify their perceptions of management support and socioeconomic conditions, we assessed the impact of a standardized small-scale fisheries management intervention that was implemented across 41 sites in Brazil, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The intervention combines TURF reserves (community-based territorial use rights for fishing coupled with no-take marine reserves) with locally tailored social-marketing behavior change campaigns. Leveraging data across 22 indicators and 4 survey types, along with data from 3 control sites, we found that ecological and socioeconomic impacts varied and that communities supported the intervention and were already changing their fishing practices. These results suggest that communities were developing new social norms and fishing more sustainably before long-term ecological and socioeconomic benefits of fisheries management materialized. 相似文献
77.
Gardner T Acosta-Martinez V Calderón FJ Zobeck TM Baddock M Van Pelt RS Senwo Z Dowd S Cox S 《Journal of environmental quality》2012,41(3):744-753
Little is known about the microbial communities carried in wind-eroded sediments from various soil types and land management systems. The novel technique of pyrosequencing promises to expand our understanding of the microbial diversity of soils and eroded sediments because it can sequence 10 to 100 times more DNA fragments than previous techniques, providing enhanced exploration into what microbes are being lost from soil due to wind erosion. Our study evaluated the bacterial diversity of two types of wind-eroded sediments collected from three different organic-rich soils in Michigan using a portable field wind tunnel. The wind-eroded sediments evaluated were a coarse sized fraction with 66% of particles >106 μm (coarse eroded sediment) and a finer eroded sediment with 72% of particles <106 μm. Our findings suggested that (i) bacteria carried in the coarser sediment and fine dust were effective fingerprints of the source soil, although their distribution may vary depending on the soil characteristics because certain bacteria may be more protected in soil surfaces than others; (ii) coarser wind-eroded sediment showed higher bacterial diversity than fine dust in two of the three soils evaluated; and (iii) certain bacteria were more predominant in fine dust (, , and ) than coarse sediment ( and ), revealing different locations and niches of bacteria in soil, which, depending on wind erosion processes, can have important implications on the soil sustainability and functioning. Infrared spectroscopy showed that wind erosion preferentially removes particular kinds of C from the soil that are lost via fine dust. Our study shows that eroded sediments remove the active labile organic soil particulates containing key microorganisms involved in soil biogeochemical processes, which can have a negative impact on the quality and functioning of the source soil. 相似文献
78.
Brenda G. Cox David T. Mage Frederick W. Immerman 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1266-1270
Concern about the potential for indoor air pollution has prompted recent surveys of radon and NO2 concentrations In homes and personal exposure studies of volatile organics, carbon monoxide and pesticides, to name a few. The statistical problems in designing sample surveys that measure the physical environment are diverse and more complicated than those encountered in traditional surveys of human attitudes and attributes. This paper addresses issues encountered when designing indoor air quality (IAQ) studies. General statistical concepts related to target population definition, frame creation, and sample selection for area household surveys and telephone surveys are presented. The implications of different measurement approaches are discussed, and response rate considerations are described. 相似文献
79.
William M. Cox Jon Clark 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):762-766
Data on dally maximum ozone concentrations measured at ambient air monitoring stations operated by state and local air pollution control agencies in the Eastern United States were analyzed using principal factor analysis. Four orthogonal factors representing O3 formation potentials were derived using the statistical package SPSS; these factors accounted for over two-thirds of the variations in 1978 summer O3 levels at 21 urban-oriented stations. The analysis confirmed that O3 variations are similar among stations within defined geographical areas; this confirmation supports the widely held theory that ambient O3 formations are reglonwlde. The analysis suggested that trends analysis for determining general progress in improving O3 air quality should be based on aggregate statistics from clusters of monitors rather than from a single monitoring station within areas associated with the derived factors. 相似文献
80.
Alan J. Hoffman Stanley F. Sleva William M. Cox 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):704-707
The National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Program is carried out by state and local air pollution control agencies in support of their State Implementation Plans (SIP’s). The current EPA regulations which specify the characteristics of these state monitoring programs are undergoing change as a result of a comprehensive review by an independent work group. These revised regulations, which are described in the paper, are intended to improve the quality, timeliness, and usability of the data generated by the states for all data users. In addition, the revised regulations seek to bring about; (a) national consistency in monitoring site locations through standardized siting procedures; (b) improved network operations by means of a minimum quality assurance program; (c) reduced network inflexibility through an annual network review process; and (d) reduced data reporting through changed data reporting procedures. 相似文献