首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   3894篇
  免费   59篇
  国内免费   498篇
安全科学   122篇
废物处理   216篇
环保管理   365篇
综合类   932篇
基础理论   1317篇
环境理论   1篇
污染及防治   1026篇
评价与监测   240篇
社会与环境   195篇
灾害及防治   37篇
  2023年   29篇
  2022年   54篇
  2021年   58篇
  2020年   44篇
  2019年   46篇
  2018年   147篇
  2017年   157篇
  2016年   236篇
  2015年   117篇
  2014年   109篇
  2013年   119篇
  2012年   509篇
  2011年   306篇
  2010年   103篇
  2009年   108篇
  2008年   146篇
  2007年   112篇
  2006年   124篇
  2005年   429篇
  2004年   564篇
  2003年   448篇
  2002年   93篇
  2001年   70篇
  2000年   49篇
  1999年   59篇
  1998年   40篇
  1997年   32篇
  1996年   33篇
  1995年   29篇
  1994年   11篇
  1993年   8篇
  1992年   11篇
  1991年   15篇
  1990年   6篇
  1989年   5篇
  1987年   1篇
  1986年   3篇
  1985年   2篇
  1983年   3篇
  1975年   2篇
  1974年   2篇
  1973年   1篇
  1972年   2篇
  1971年   1篇
  1969年   1篇
  1968年   1篇
  1967年   1篇
  1966年   2篇
  1961年   1篇
  1957年   1篇
排序方式: 共有4451条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
11.
In this paper we apply graph theory in a reserve selection exercise to explore the tradeoffs between maintaining connectivity and minimizing the total area of a protected area network. Rather than focus on a single organism, we used a multi-species approach and looked at the tradeoff curves for organisms with varying dispersal abilities. We first generated the tradeoff curves using a graph-based metric to determine the importance of individual patches for maintaining connectivity. We then performed an analogous set of analyses using patch size as a surrogate measure of importance.  相似文献   
12.
A modular approach to Integrated Assessment modeling   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In this paper, we present a new approach to model coupling that probably forms the methodological basis of a new generation of Integrated Assessment models. This approach respects the knowledge and expertise that is embodied in existing models and encourages their gradual evolution. Modularity is the guiding principle. Our approach is distinguished by the way modules are coupled which is based on an interplay of a job control module, a numerical coupling module, and a couple of stand-alone functional modules. The numerical coupling module - the core component - serves to treat the feedbacks between the functional modules. A first implemented example that couples an economic and a climate module by means of a two-phase meta-optimization is presented here. The algorithm and mathematical structure behind are discussed as well as important features such as convergence behavior and reliability.  相似文献   
13.
Methane emissions from natural wetlands   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Methane is considered one of the most important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Because of the strict anaerobic conditions required by CH4-generating microorganisms, natural wetland ecosystems are one of the main sources of biogenic CH4. The total natural wetland area is estimated to be 5.3 to 5.7 × 1012 m2, making up less than 5% of the Earth's land surface. However, natural wetland plays a disproportionately large role in CH4 emissions. Wetlands are likely the largest natural sources of CH4 to the atmosphere, accounting for about 20% of the current global annual emission. Out of the total amount of CH4 emitted, northern wetlands contribute 34%, temperate wetlands 5%, and tropical systems about 60%.Because of the unique characteristics and high productivity, wetland ecosystems are important in the global carbon cycle. Natural wetlands are permanently or temporarily saturated. Strict anaerobic conditions consequently develop, which allows methanogenesis to occur. But the thin oxic layer and the oxic plant rhizophere promote activity of CH4-oxidizing bacteria or methanotrophs. Thus, both CH4 formation and consumption in wetland systems are microbiological processes and are controlled by many factors. Eight of the controlling factors, including carbon supply, soil oxidation-reduction status, pH, temperature, vegetation, salinity and sulfate content, soil hydrological conditions and CH4 oxidation are discussed in this paper.  相似文献   
14.
Removing small artificial barriers that hinder upstream migrations of fish is a major problem in riparian habitat restoration. Because of budgetary limitations, it is necessary to prioritize barrier removal and repair decisions. These have usually been based on scoring and ranking procedures, which, although simple to use, can be very inefficient in terms of increasing the amount of accessible instream habitat. We develop a novel decision-making approach, based on integer programming techniques, which optimizes repair and removal decisions. Results show based on real datasets of barrier culverts located in Washington State that scoring and ranking is over 25% below the optimum on average and a full 100% below in the worst case, producing no net habitat gain whatsoever. This is compared to a dynamic programming method that was able to find optimal solutions in less than a second, even for problems with up to several hundred variables, and a heuristic method, which found solutions with less than a 1% average optimality gap in even less time.  相似文献   
15.
The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis   总被引:12,自引:2,他引:12  
In 1858, two naturalists, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, independently proposed natural selection as the basic mechanism responsible for the origin of new phenotypic variants and, ultimately, new species. A large body of evidence for this hypothesis was published in Darwins Origin of Species one year later, the appearance of which provoked other leading scientists like August Weismann to adopt and amplify Darwins perspective. Weismanns neo-Darwinian theory of evolution was further elaborated, most notably in a series of books by Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, Julian Huxley and others. In this article we first summarize the history of life on Earth and provide recent evidence demonstrating that Darwins dilemma (the apparent missing Precambrian record of life) has been resolved. Next, the historical development and structure of the modern synthesis is described within the context of the following topics: paleobiology and rates of evolution, mass extinctions and species selection, macroevolution and punctuated equilibrium, sexual reproduction and recombination, sexual selection and altruism, endosymbiosis and eukaryotic cell evolution, evolutionary developmental biology, phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic inheritance and molecular evolution, experimental bacterial evolution, and computer simulations (in silico evolution of digital organisms). In addition, we discuss the expansion of the modern synthesis, embracing all branches of scientific disciplines. It is concluded that the basic tenets of the synthetic theory have survived, but in modified form. These sub-theories require continued elaboration, particularly in light of molecular biology, to answer open-ended questions concerning the mechanisms of evolution in all five kingdoms of life.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. hc mult. Ernst Mayr on the occasion of his 100th birthdayThis revised version was published online in March 2004, with corrections to the caption of Figure 6.  相似文献   
16.
根据国家科技攻关研究的结果,论证了长江中下游地区地下水中Zn元素的背景特征的形成及其分布规律与地下水的含水介质成分、有机质含量、氧化还原环境、地下水迳流条件和地下水酸碱度之间的关系。  相似文献   
17.
中国乳腺癌与土壤环境中化学元素的相关性研究   总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12  
利用土壤元素资料2069448个数据、乳腺癌死亡调查资料31320例,研究了乳腺癌死亡率与人群生存的土壤环境中64个元素的相关性。结果表明,砷、汞、钡、铊、钕、铀、锆、锑等元素与乳腺癌死亡率有相关性。等级相关系数分别为-0.6820(P〈0.0005)、0.4567(P〈0.01)、-0.3773(P〈0.025)、-0.3852(P〈0.025)、0.3179(P〈0.05)、-0.4377(P〈  相似文献   
18.
城镇污水资源化技术发展状况   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
张智  阳春 《重庆环境科学》1999,21(4):18-20,25
污水资源化是解决当前水资源短缺,减少环境污染的有效途径,经过几十年的发展,城镇污水资源化技术取得了很大进展,讨论了城镇污水资源化的意义、技术和发展前景。  相似文献   
19.
Overestimates of black carbon in soils and sediments   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Several recent reports suggest that black carbon (BC), which broadly encompasses charcoal, soot, and other forms of pyrogenic carbon, may constitute a significant proportion of the refractory carbon in soil and sedimentary organic matter. BC is a sink for biospheric and atmospheric carbon dioxide, and is intimately tied to the biogeochemical cycling of both carbon and oxygen through its role in organic matter cycling. Additionally, BC may represent a large fraction of the missing carbon sink in global carbon accounting. Here, we demonstrate that documented measurements of BC may be the result of methodological artifacts, which inadvertently overestimate the amount of BC. We found that a widely used thermal oxidative method can create a residue that falls under the operational definition of BC in samples that are relatively BC-free. Moreover, during this procedure, labile organic matter constituents are condensed into pyrogenic carbon, implying that the labile components are present in lesser quantities. These methodological deficiencies are promoting overestimates in the amount of refractory carbon in soil and sedimentary organic matter and may endorse inaccuracies in the rates of carbon fluxes, the mean residence times of terrestrial carbon, and organic matter burial rates in oceanic environments.  相似文献   
20.
The invertebrate neuromodulator octopamine is known to be involved in bees' associative learning, enhancing the responsiveness of a bee to a conditioned stimulus. In this study, we tested the effect of octopamine on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees using a two-phase experiment in an array of artificial flowers. During the first phase of the experiment, the bee was allowed to collect octopamine-laden sugar water from two types of equally rewarding flowers (yellow versus blue). In the second phase, one type of flower was set to be unrewarding. The behavior of the bee (proportion of visits to the unrewarding flowers) over the two phases was fitted to a sigmoid regression model. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号