2016—2019年夏半年成都市区臭氧污染天气特征分析

为揭示成都市区臭氧污染气象条件特征,通过欧盟COST733天气客观分型软件对成都市区2016-2019年夏半年(5-9月)海平面气压场和500 hPa位势高度场进行大气环流形势分型,并结合同期臭氧监测数据、地面气象观测数据以及总云量实况分析产品,分析成都市区夏半年臭氧超标天气及气象要素特征.结果表明:成都市区2016-2019年夏半年共出现臭氧超标日数为159 d,超标率为26.0%,超标日主要集中于5-8月,小时超标多出现于14:00-17:00.臭氧污染日数最多的海平面气压场为弱低压型,其后依次为低压前部型、低压型、高压后部型.臭氧超标率最高的海平面气压场为低压前部型,其后依次为弱低压型、低压型、高压后部型.500 hPa位势高度场平直西风气流型臭氧超标日数最多,青藏高压型臭氧超标日数最少.青藏高压型是臭氧超标率最高的500 hPa位势高度场型,平直西风气流型臭氧超标率最低.成都市区臭氧超标日多出现在偏西北风下,近地面气象要素特征一般表现为风速1.2~1.6 m/s,气温在25℃以上,相对湿度多集中在70%左右,总云量和降水概率多低于60%,降水量级以小雨为主,太阳辐射和日照时数分别位于20.5~23.2 MJ/m2和6.0~7.8 h区间.小时臭氧超标近地面气象要素特征为气温和总辐射曝辐量相对较高,二者分别在30~36℃和0~3.5 MJ/m2之间,相对湿度在60%以下,总云量低于40%,以偏南风影响为主.研究显示,成都市区海平面气压场为低压型,500 hPa位势高度场为青藏高压型时,易发生臭氧污染.      

基于环剪试验的四方碑滑坡滑带土残余强度空间差异性和稳定性分析

水库滑坡因受库水位变化的影响,不同空间位置滑带土的含水率不同,滑带土残余强度也存在空间差异性,使用统一的滑带土残余强度难以准确计算滑坡的稳定性系数.以四方碑滑坡滑带土为研究对象,通过环剪试验分析了不同含水率和不同法向应力作用下滑带土的残余强度特性,结合滑坡渗流模拟结果对滑带土残余强度的空间差异性进行了分区,并计算了在1...     

Fine particle-bound PAHs derivatives at mountain background site (Mount Tai) of the North China: Concentration, source diagnosis and health risk assessment

Ten nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs) and 4 oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oPAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) samples from Mount Tai were analyzed during summer (June to August), 2015. During the observation campaign, the mean concentration of total nPAHs and oPAHs was 31.62 pg/m³ and 0.15 ng/m³, respectively. Two of the monitored compounds, namely 9-nitro-anthracene (9N-ANT) (6.86 pg/m³) and 9-fluorenone (9FO) (0.05 ng/m³) were the predominant compounds of nPAHs and oPAHs, respectively. The potential source and long-range transportation of nPAHs and oPAHs were investigated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) methods. The results revealed that biomass/coal burning, gasoline vehicle emission, diesel vehicle emission and secondary formation were the dominant sources of nPAHs and oPAHs, which were mainly from Henan province and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Bohai sea. The incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) values were calculated to evaluate the exposure risk of nPAHs and oPAHs for three group people (infant, children and adult), and the values of ILCR were 7.02 × 10^?10, 3.49 × 10^?9 and 1.41 × 10^?8 for infant, children and adults, respectively. All these values were lower than the standard of EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (<10^?6), indicating acceptable health risk of nPAHs and oPAHs.     

Programmed cell death induced by modified clay in controlling Prorocentrum donghaiense bloom

Modified clay (MC), an effective material used for the emergency elimination of algal blooms, can rapidly reduce the biomass of harmful algal blooms (HABs) via flocculation. After that, MC can still control bloom population through indirect effects such as oxidative stress, which was initially proposed to be related to programmed cell death (PCD) at molecular level. To further study the MC induced cell death in residual bloom organisms, especially identifying PCD process, we studied the physiological state of the residual Prorocentrum donghaiense. The experimental results showed that flocculation changed the physiological state of the residual cells, as evidenced by growth inhibition and increased reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, this research provides biochemical and ultrastructural evidence showing that MC induces PCD in P. donghaiense. Nuclear changes were observed, and increased caspase-like activity, externalization of phosphatidylserine and DNA fragmentation were detected in MC-treated groups and quantified. And the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was activated in both MC-treated groups. Besides, the features of MC-induced PCD in a unicellular organism were summarized and its concentration dependent manner was proved. All our preliminary results elucidate the mechanism through which MC can further control HABs by inducing PCD and suggest a promising application of PCD in bloom control.     

Enhanced nitrogen removal upon the addition of volatile fatty acids from activated sludge by combining calcium peroxide and low-thermal pretreatments

This study investigated a combined low-thermal and CaO₂ pretreatment to enhance the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from waste activated sludge (WAS). The fermentative product was added to a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an external carbon source to enhance nitrogen removal. The results showed that the combined pretreatment improved WAS solubilization, releasing more biodegradable substrates, such as proteins and polysaccharides, from TB-EPS to LB-EPS and S-EPS. The maximum VFA production of 3529 ± 188 mg COD/L was obtained in the combined pretreatment (0.2 g CaO₂/g VS + 70 °C for 60 min), which was 2.1 and 1.4-fold of that obtained from the sole low-thermal pretreatment and the control test, respectively. Consequently, when the fermentative liquid was added as an external denitrification carbon source, the effluent total nitrogen decreased to Class A of the discharge standard for pollutants in rural wastewater treatment plants in most areas of China.     

油田井口加热炉烟尘排放超标原因分析及治理方法

针对井口加热炉燃用套管气出现的烟尘排放超标问题,从燃烧方式及燃料组成方面分析发现,加热炉所采用的扩散式燃烧,火焰面燃料侧缺少氧气,燃料产生热分解生成炭黑颗粒;另外,套管气含有大量的重碳烷烃,其稳定性差、分解温度低,加剧了热分解反应。因此,控制套管气质量和改变燃烧方式是治理烟尘排放超标的基本途径。但是井口加装轻烃回收装置,分离出套管气中的重碳烷烃,成本高不可行。最终,基于预混燃烧理论,设计了双调风预混燃烧装置,现场实施结果表明,不仅烟尘排放降低了87.8%,而且NOx排放降低了58.6%、热效率提升了8.2%。实践证明,预混燃烧是治理井口加热炉烟尘排放超标的有效方法。     

水库大型围隔放养鲢鱼、鳙鱼控藻的研究

为减轻水源地水华的发生,在天津于桥水库建立了10个300m2大型围隔,分别放养密度为0,10,30,60g/m3的鲢鱼、鳙鱼进行控藻试验.结果表明,无鱼围隔内的蓝藻比例上升并形成微囊藻水华,各有鱼围隔内蓝藻比例始终保持在低位水平.与此同时,鲢鱼、鳙鱼的滤食导致小型藻类的大量增长进而造成藻类总生物量及叶绿素a不同程度地升高.由此可知,鲢鱼、鳙鱼适用于控制蓝藻水华而非藻类总量.     

BPA和EE2在PA微塑料上竞争吸附的位点能量

为研究微塑料上雌激素共存的吸附行为,以17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）和双酚A （BPA）为目标污染物,微塑料聚酰胺（PA）为吸附剂,通过等温吸附实验研究二者在单溶质和双溶质体系下的吸附性能,基于位点能量分布理论进一步剖析二者在PA微塑料上的的吸附特性.同时,采用X射线光谱（XPS）以及傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对吸附前后的PA微塑料进行表征,探究其可能存在的吸附机理.等温吸附拟合结果及XPS、FTIR的表征结果表明BPA和EE2及二者混合溶液在PA上的吸附属于非均质吸附,疏水分配及氢键作用为主要的吸附机制.位点能量分布分析结果表明,相同浓度（1～4mg/L）条件下,BPA吸附位点主要分布于高能量区;单溶质体系的EE2吸附位点主要集中于低能量区.双溶质体系下,相同浓度的两种物质位点分布函数均随着位点能量的增大而呈指数降低,BPA下降趋势较为平缓,吸附位点分布更集中.两种体系相比较,BPA平均位点能量和位点能量非均质性分别增加了0.749%和2.483%,吸附位点数量减少了10.852%;双溶质体系下EE2平均位点能量降低0.813%,位点能量非均质性增加1.870%,吸附位点数量增加42.429%.双酚A和EE2在PA微塑料上的竞争吸附中,EE2占优势.     

巢湖沉积物有效磷的原位高分辨分析研究

将两种原位被动采样技术——高分辨平衡式间隙水(HR-Peeper)与氧化锆薄膜梯度扩散技术(Zr-oxide DGT)相结合,分别对巢湖西半湖7个点位溶解态反应性磷(cPW)和有效磷(cDGT)进行原位测定分析,cPW和cDGT在大部分沉积物剖面的分布相似或局部相似,说明不同深度沉积物固相有效磷组分对间隙水SRP的缓冲能力较接近.利用界面扩散通量和cDGT/cPW比值(R)表征沉积物磷的活性,从巢湖湖心向南淝河入湖口方向,界面以下6 mm的cPW、cDGT和扩散通量的变化基本一致,均呈递增趋势,表明沉积物磷的污染水平在增加;R值变化较小,说明沉积物界面处的缓冲能力差异不明显.     

木棉生物炭对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性和机制研究

选取木棉为原材料,在不同温度下制备成生物炭.实验考察了溶液初始pH、不同热解温度及生物炭投加量对吸附效果的影响,并利用吸附动力学、吸附等温线及SEM-EDS、FTIR、XPS、Zeta电位等手段研究木棉生物炭对水溶液Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性及吸附机理.结果表明,热解温度为400℃,固液比为2∶1,pH=2.0时,木棉生物炭...