一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法处理装置采取特殊的沉淀区构造,改变了活性污泥的循环流动方式,通过间歇曝气,反应区交替处于好氧/缺氧状态,达到了有机物高效去除、高效硝化反硝化及控制污泥膨胀的效果.该方法具有出水水质好、运行稳定、能耗低、流程简洁和操作管理方便的特点,是一种很有发展潜力的一体化中小型生活污水、城市污水处理系统.     

Comparative study of extraction methods for the determination of PAHs from contaminated soils and sediments

The following four methods were compared on the extraction efficiency of 16 EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): German method of the Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs und Forschungsanstalten (VDLUFA), two methods of the International Organization for Standardization using shaking (ISO A) and Soxhlet extraction (ISO B) and an ultrasonic method. Recovery rates of 16 PAHs were determined in two soils. Extraction efficiency was evaluated in five soils and three sediments. Effect of drying soils and sediments on extraction efficiency was tested using the VDLUFA and the ultrasonic methods. Our study shows that the number of aromatic rings, rather than extraction procedures, significantly influenced recovery rates of individual PAHs. No significant differences in extraction efficiency of the four methods were observed for less polluted samples. For highly polluted soils, extraction efficiency decreased in the following order: VDLUFA method > ISO A > ultrasonic method > ISO B. Influence of soil moisture on extraction efficiency depended to some extent on both solvent used and content of PAHs in samples. A mixture of dichloromethane/acetone (5:1) is recommended for PAH extraction from moist samples when the ultrasonic method is used.     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in South Korea

The content and type of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soils from paddy fields and upland areas in South Korea were determined using gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The distribution map of total PAH content was obtained as a contour plot using a geographical information system. The overall distribution of PAH was found to be closely related to the pollution sources, the size of city and the type of industry. The average content of total PAH in all samples was 236 μg kg⁻¹, and the range was from 23.3 to 2834 μg kg⁻¹. The highest concentrations were found in soils sampled near iron processing plants. The concentration of PAH decreased in the order fluoroanthene>benzo(b)fluoroanthene>pyrene. Special PAH compound ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoroanthene/pyrene, were calculated to evaluate the origin. The collected data suggested that the pyrogenic origins such as motor vehicle exhaust and heavy industry emission were the dominant source of PAH in Korean soils.     

典型化工集中区环境空气SVOCs污染特征及来源解析

于冬春两季在华东3个典型石化化工集中区设置环境空气观测点,利用PUF大气被动采样技术(PUF-PAS)采集大气中半挥发性有机化合物(SVOCs),使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行分析.获得59种SVOCs的浓度,包括25种多环芳烃(PAHs)、24种正构烷烃及10种藿烷,并结合主成分分析和特征比值法解析PAHs来源.结果表明:①各观测点正构烷烃贡献率最高,其次是PAHs,分别超过60％和30％;②根据各化合物冬春季浓度变化并结合风向进行分析,推测正构烷烃C18、C29 αβ-藿烷和C30αβ-藿烷与石油化工排放有关;③PAHs单体以菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)、萘(Nap)、芴(Flu)和芘(Pyr)为主,合计占比高达90.0％;④主成分分析显示观测点PAHs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、机动车尾气和石化工艺排放等,3类来源对PAHs的贡献率分别为56.0％、19.2％和8.6％,基于特征比值法的PAHs来源解析予以了验证.     

ABR发酵系统运行特性及产氢效能研究

为解决连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)发酵制氢系统存在的不足,如单位基质氢气转化率低、因搅拌带来的耗能,抗负荷冲击能力不强等问题,开展了厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)发酵产氢的研究.结果表明,在35℃和进水COD 5000mg/L等条件下,ABR系统可在26d达到乙醇型发酵,其比产氢速率为0.13L/(gMLVSS·d),而在同样条件下, CSTR达到乙醇型发酵后,比产氢速率仅为0.06L/(gMLVSS·d).ABR通过生物相的分离,使产氢系统梯级利用有机物并达到深度产氢的目的.与CSTR相比,ABR具有较高的产氢活性、较低能源消耗等优点,是一种较为理想的有机废水发酵制氢反应设备.     

基于分区供氧与溶解氧调控的低C/N比污水短程硝化反硝化

针对城镇污水中碳源不足、C/N比低导致脱氮性能不佳的问题,建立了A2/O中试装置,通过调整系统缺氧/好氧分区比例及好氧区溶解氧水平,探究亚硝氮积累率及氮类污染物去除情况.结果表明,在DO为2. 0～2. 5 mg·L~(-1)条件下,改变缺氧/好氧分区比例对系统的影响较小,难以实现短程硝化;当控制DO为0. 5～0. 8 mg·L~(-1)、V_缺∶V_好=1∶1时为系统最优工况,此时系统好氧区末端亚硝氮积累率稳定在62%以上,出水总氮降至9. 0 mg·L~(-1),能够实现深度脱氮的目标.分析硝化菌表观活性可知,最优工况下SAOR与SNOR分别(以N/VSS计)为0. 14 g·(g·d)~(-1)和0. 04 g·(g·d)~(-1),二者差值较试验其他阶段更为明显,即NOB活性受到更高程度抑制是提高亚硝氮积累率的直接原因. Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,该阶段NOB数量显著低于其他阶段.通过间歇OUR法分析缺氧区进出口碳源组成情况,结果表明最优工况下系统通过短程硝化节约碳源27. 3%,可生化性COD在缺氧区消耗63. 6%,远高于其他阶段,是低C/N比城市污水实现深度脱氮的碳源有力保障.     

天津市公交站人群PM10暴露研究及PAHs健康风险评估

2012年9月在天津市城市交通密集区(八里台、海光寺公交车站)采集可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并对采集的样品进行有机分析.在此基础上,针对公交车站候车的成年人群,应用美国EPA开发的电子数据库IRIS(Integrated Risk Information System),对可吸入颗粒物中的多环芳烃(PAHs)成分进行了健康风险评估.暴露采样的分析结果表明,两车站的PM10暴露浓度均值分别为(279.0±63.7)μg·m-3和(335.0±60.0)μg·m-3,其中的总多环芳烃质量浓度分别为(219.0±98.5)ng·m-3、(171.0±52.7)ng·m-3.多环芳烃致癌健康风险评估结果显示,两站候车人群在候车过程中的致癌风险分别为2.47×10-7、1.75×10-7,低于美国EPA所认可的可接受风险范围(10-6~10-4).     

以污泥发酵液与尾水混合液为补给碳源的A2/O污染物去除特性

针对我国农村地区污水量波动和断流的排放特性,提出了一种在断流时段补给污水处理系统自身产出的尾水与污泥发酵液混合液的运行模式,以中试A²/O为对象,研究了系统在该运行模式下的污染物去除特性,以期为今后我国农村地区污水处理装置的设计和运行提供新的思路.结果表明,尾水与发酵液以12：1的比例混合后作为碳源与原水相比具有更好的反硝化和释/吸磷特性,具有强化脱氮除磷的功能;以尾水与发酵液混合液在断流时段作为补给碳源可改善系统对TN和TP的去除效率,其平均去除率分别由69.27%和86.94%提升到73.34%和89.94%,相应地平均出水浓度分别由15.77 mg ·L^-1和0.80 mg ·L^-1降低到13.76 mg ·L^-1和0.64 mg ·L^-1.16S rRNA基因测序结果表明,随着实验的进行,系统中5种常见的水解酸化菌属、6种聚磷菌属和4种反硝化菌属的相对丰度得到提升;通过对系统活性污泥性状的长期监测可以看出,以尾水与发酵液混合液在断流时段作为补给碳源会恶化系统活性污泥的沉降性能,系统活性污泥的平均SVI由阶段Ⅰ的106 mL ·g^-1上升至阶段Ⅱ的131 mL ·g^-1,然而这种恶化程度并不会对系统的污泥活性和污染物去除性能造成不利影响,在整个实验过程中系统均未出现污泥膨胀的现象.     

层次分析法应用于黑龙江省生态环境质量评价研究

将层次分析法应用于生态省建设指标体系的研究,构建了黑龙江省生态省建设指标体系.采用专家调查问卷的方式构造判断矩阵,应用MATLAB6.5计算软件编程,确定了各指标的权重.运用环境质量综合指数模型,对黑龙江省的生态环境质量进行分级,评价黑龙江省生态省建设所取得的进展.结果表明,应用层次分析法定量地评价省域范围生态环境质量是切实可行的,黑龙江省自开展生态省建设以来,生态环境得到了明显改善.     

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.