固定化微生物法去除模拟渗滤液中氨氮的研究

采用固定化微生物曝气生物滤池（I-BAF）技术成功处理了模拟垃圾渗滤液,探讨了pH和溶解氧（DO）对系统脱氮性能的影响。结果表明,固定化微生物曝气生物滤池反应系统启动迅速,运行稳定,可以有效去除模拟垃圾渗滤液中的有机物和氨氮,其去除率分别达到97.1%和99.9%。在pH为7.5～8.5之间,DO 4.0 mg/L左右的条件下对模拟垃圾渗滤液中氮的去除最为有利,同步硝化反硝化效率以及总氮去除率均达到最高,分别为96.2%和94.3%。这主要是由于I-BAF系统中大孔载体提供了厌氧-兼氧-好氧的微环境,使硝化和反硝化反应在同一个反应器内发生,共同作用实现模拟垃圾渗滤液中总氮的去除。     

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

产甲烷抑制剂氯仿对污泥厌氧消化中同型产乙酸作用的影响

厌氧消化是城市污泥常用的资源化处理方式,添加产甲烷抑制剂得到的发酵产物乙酸相比于甲烷被认为更具附加值.同型产乙酸途径是污泥厌氧发酵产乙酸途径之一,然而产甲烷抑制剂的存在对其影响尚不明确,这对污泥厌氧发酵产酸工艺的优化和应用至关重要.本文研究了不同氯仿浓度抑制产甲烷条件下挥发性脂肪酸、气体浓度及同型产乙酸菌和总细菌数量的变化,基于乙酸的稳定性碳同位素分馏效应分析了不同温度条件下氯仿对同型产乙酸作用的影响.结果显示,0.1%和0.5%(V/V)氯仿浓度条件下最高乙酸浓度分别为24.5和22.4 mmol·L~(-1),远低于对照组的52.6 mmol·L~(-1).氯仿抑制产甲烷条件下乙酸的稳定碳同位素丰度δ~(13)C值均高于污泥有机质的δ~(13)C值,50℃时乙酸的δ~(13)C值最高,且同型产乙酸菌相对丰度也低于15和30℃条件下.可见,产甲烷抑制剂氯仿同时能够抑制同型产乙酸作用,0.5%浓度下的抑制效果高于0.1%浓度下,且50℃条件下其抑制作用强于15和30℃条件下.     

纳米涂层/铝合金在不同pH值的海水溶液中的腐蚀行为研究

目的评价纳米涂层/铝合金在不同pH值海水溶液中的腐蚀行为。方法通过测试纳米涂层/铝合金试样在不同pH值海水溶液中的EIS值,分析试样阻抗谱图及Bode谱图的演化规律,建立不同EIS图谱的不同电极阻抗模型,并采用ZView软件解析涂层体系不同时期的电化学阻抗谱,获得涂层电阻的变化趋势,及不同pH值海水浸泡的纳米涂层体系腐蚀失效速度。结果随着浸泡时间的增加及pH值的降低,纳米涂层/铝合金体系腐蚀损伤失效速率在浸泡前期整体趋势增大,但中后期由于腐蚀产物逐渐堵塞了涂层的微孔,腐蚀介质向铝合金表面渗透的速率逐渐减小。结论 pH为2.0海水浸泡下的3涂层失效最快,其次是pH为4.0海水浸泡下的2涂层,最后为p H为6.0海水浸泡下的1涂层,该涂层体系应采用等效电路模型C进行拟合。     

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

典型污染源材料中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的释放

为研究以多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）为代表的含卤半挥发性有机物（SVOCs）在室内空气中的扩散特性,在对杭州室内环境（办公室、居室）空气中PDBEs14种单体浓度检测的基础上,分析比较了不同污染源材料中PBDEs的含量,测定了材料PBDEs挥发强度系数;探究了典型污染源材料中PBDEs释放的影响因素及其相关性.结果表明,杭州室内环境空气颗粒相和气相中PBDEs平均浓度为427.26和416.46pg/m³,其中颗粒相和气相中主要特征单体均为BDE-209.所选取的9种室内常用材料的PBDEs挥发强度系数大小依次为：地毯>电线>塑料板>阻燃布>电路板>防烫桌布>保温棉>自粘墙纸>绝缘胶带.对比不同材料中各PBDEs同系组的含量：绝缘胶带、塑料板、防烫桌布、阻燃布中十溴二苯醚（deca-BDEs）的占比最高,分别为81.33%、63.83%、27.3%和34.1%;电线中四溴二苯醚（tetra-BDEs）的占比最高,为29.83%;自粘墙纸、电路板、地毯、保温棉中五溴二苯醚（penta-BDEs）的占比最高,分别为35.82%、41.25%、45.75%和38.64%.典型污染源材料中PBDEs释放的影响因素实验结果表明,环境模拟舱中的PBDEs总浓度与温度和封闭时间对数均呈显著正相关,相关系数r和显著水平P分别为r=0.811,p<0.05和r=0.883,p<0.05,且封闭时间对源释放PBDEs总浓度的影响比温度稍大.同时,污染源特征因素（材料中PBDEs的固有含量与PBDEs挥发强度系数）对源释放的影响程度比环境因素（温度和封闭时间）大.     

夏季持续高温天气对北京市大气细粒子(PM2.5)的影响

在1999-06-23北京市出现长达13d的持续高温期间对细粒子(PM_2.5)质量浓度进行了观测.数据表明,持续高温期间细粒子质量浓度比非高温期间要高出2～3倍.但是通过对持续高温期间的气象数据进行分析,发现还是很利于污染物扩散.进一步分析同步监测的O₃浓度、颗粒物中SO₄^2-的粒径范围及其含量等数据,发现夏季持续高温期间活跃的光化学反应应该是北京市细粒子的主要来源.     

绿洲土Pb-Zn复合胁迫下重金属形态特征和生物有效性

通过对Pb-Zn复合胁迫下干旱区绿洲土壤中油菜种植进行盆栽试验模拟,探讨了重金属复合污染对油菜生长的影响及其各形态之间的转化规律和生物有效性.结果表明,低浓度Pb、Zn处理下,油菜生长得到促进,茎叶生长优势大于根系.随着外源重金属的投加,土壤中Pb、Zn主要赋存形态较对照均由紧结合态向松结合态转化,重金属生物有效性提升;可交换态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Zn分别是油菜不同部位吸收Pb、Zn的主要贡献形态.油菜在低浓度胁迫水平对Pb、Zn的富集能力和转移能力强于高浓度胁迫水平,且油菜对Pb、Zn的富集、迁移系数均随土壤中对应元素或共存元素生物有效态含量的增大而减小.所有处理中,油菜茎叶中的Pb含量均超出了食品安全限量指标,建议在此类土壤种植叶菜类蔬菜前进行相关指标检测.     

Dynamic nano-Ag colloids cytotoxicity to and accumulation by Escherichia coli: Effects of Fe3+, ionic strength and humic acid

Released Ag ions or/and Ag particles are believed to contribute to the cytotoxicity of Ag nanomaterials,and thus,the cytotoxicity and mechanism of Ag nanomaterials should be dynamic in water due to unfixed Ag particle:Ag⁺ ratios.Our recent research found that the cytotoxicity of PVP-Ag nanoparticles is attributable to Ag particles alone in 3 hr bioassays,and shifts to both Ag particles and released Ag⁺ in 48 hr bioassays.Herein,as a continued study,the cytotoxicity and accu...     

皇甫川流域主要人工灌木水分生态的研究

通过在丰水年(1998年)和欠水年(1999年)连续两个生长季对皇甫川流域主要灌木沙棘、沙柳和柠条的生物学特性、蒸腾特征及土壤水分含量的测定及分析,得出结果为:三种灌木蒸腾强度在晴天和阴天表现的日变化规律不同。在丰水年和欠水年的生长季内,三种灌木蒸腾强度均随土壤含水量和降雨量的增减而增减,环境因子综合作用于灌木蒸腾的过程。无论丰水年还是欠水年,三种灌木地上生物量的增长与蒸腾耗水量均呈同步增长,生长季内皇甫川流域主要灌木蒸腾系数均较高,灌木的生长是以消耗大量水分为代价,水分是其生长的主要限制因子之一;柠条蒸腾系数较小,这反映了柠条能较有效利用水分,积累干物质,适合于在皇甫川流域生长;通过测定与计算,皇甫川流域沙棘适宜盖度为61%～79%、柠条为43%～55%、沙柳为46%～59%。