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71.
Global land use patterns and increasing pressures on water resources demand creative urban stormwater management. Strategies encouraging infiltration can enhance groundwater recharge and water quality. Urban subsoils are often relatively impermeable, and the construction of many stormwater detention best management practices (D-BMPs) exacerbates this condition. Root paths can act as conduits for water, but this function has not been demonstrated for stormwater BMPs where standing water and dense subsoils create a unique environment. We examined whether tree roots can penetrate compacted subsoils and increase infiltration rates in the context of a novel infiltration BMP (I-BMP). Black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) trees, and an unplanted control, were installed in cylindrical planting sleeves surrounded by clay loam soil at two compaction levels (bulk density = 1.3 or 1.6 g cm(-3)) in irrigated containers. Roots of both species penetrated the more compacted soil, increasing infiltration rates by an average of 153%. Similarly, green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) trees were grown in CUSoil (Amereq Corp., New York) separated from compacted clay loam subsoil (1.6 g cm(-3)) by a geotextile. A drain hole at mid depth in the CUSoil layer mimicked the overflow drain in a stormwater I-BMP thus allowing water to pool above the subsoil. Roots penetrated the geotextile and subsoil and increased average infiltration rate 27-fold compared to unplanted controls. Although high water tables may limit tree rooting depth, some species may be effective tools for increasing water infiltration and enhancing groundwater recharge in this and other I-BMPs (e.g., raingardens and bioswales). 相似文献
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Mathilde Lefebvre Fabienne Dufernez Ange-Line Bruel Marie Gonzales Bernard Aral Judith Saint-Onge Nadège Gigot Julie Desir Caroline Daelemans Frédérique Jossic Sébastien Schmitt Raphaele Mangione Fanny Pelluard Catherine Vincent-Delorme Jean-Marc Labaune Nicole Bigi Dominique D'Olne Anne-Lise Delezoide Annick Toutain Sophie Blesson Valérie Cormier-Daire Julien Thevenon Salima El Chehadeh Alice Masurel-Paulet Nicole Joyé Claude Vibert-Guigue Luc Rigonnot Thierry Rousseau Pierre Vabres Philippe Hervé Antonin Lamazière Jean-Baptiste Rivière Laurence Faivre Nicole Laurent Christel Thauvin-Robinet 《黑龙江环境通报》2015,35(7):675-684
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Multiple mating by females with different males (polyandry) is difficult to explain in many taxa because it carries significant
costs to females, yet benefits are often hard to identify. Polyandry is a derived trait in social insects, the evolutionary
origins of which remain unclear. One of several leading hypotheses for its evolution is that it improves division of labour
by increasing intra-colonial genetic diversity. Division of labour is a key player in the ecological success of social insects,
and in many successful species of ants is based on morphologically distinct castes of workers, each with their own task specialisations.
Atta leaf-cutting ants exhibit one of the most extreme and complicated forms of morphologically specialised worker castes and
have been reported to be polyandrous but with relatively low mating frequencies (~2.5 on average). Here, we show for the first
time that there is a significant genetic influence on worker size in Atta colombica leaf-cutting ants. We also provide the first estimate of the mating frequency of Atta cephalotes (four matings) and, by analysing much higher within-colony sample sizes, find that Atta are more polyandrous than previously thought (approximately six to seven matings). The results show that high polyandry and
a genetic influence on worker caste are present in both genera of leaf-cutting ants and add weight to the hypothesis that
division of labour is a potential driver of the evolution of polyandry in this clade of ants. 相似文献
77.
Sophie Quérouil Jeremy Kiszka Ana Rita Cordeiro Irma Cascão Luís Freitas Ana Dinis Filipe Alves Ricardo Serrão Santos Narcisa M. Bandarra 《Marine Biology》2013,160(6):1325-1337
Short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) are the two most abundant cetacean species in the oceanic waters of Madeira and the Azores. They are of similar size, occur in similar habitats and are regularly observed in mixed-species groups to forage together. Genetic analyses suggested that, within each species, dolphins ranging around both archipelagos belong to the same panmictic population. We tested the hypotheses that (1) within each species, individuals from the two archipelagos belong to a single ecological stock; (2) between species, common and spotted dolphins have distinct trophic niches; using fatty acid (FA) and stable isotope (SI) analyses. Fatty acids and stable isotopes were analysed from 86 blubber and 150 skin samples of free-ranging dolphins, respectively. Sex-related differences were not significant, except for common dolphin FA profiles. In S. frontalis, FA and SI differences between archipelagos suggested that individuals belonged to different ecological stocks, despite the existence of gene flow between the two archipelagos. In D. delphis, differences were more pronounced, but it was not possible to distinguish between stock structure and a seasonal effect, due to differential sampling periods in the Azores and Madeira. Inter-specific comparisons were restricted to the Azores where all samples were collected during summer. Differences in FA proportions, noticeably for FA of dietary origin, as well as in nitrogen SI profiles, confirmed that both species feed on distinct resources. This study emphasizes the need for an integrated approach including both genetic and biochemical analyses for stock assessment, especially in wide-ranging marine top predators. 相似文献
78.
Hronn Egilsdottir Fanny Noisette Laure M.-L. J. Noël Jon Olafsson Sophie Martin 《Marine Biology》2013,160(8):2103-2112
Marine organisms inhabiting environments where pCO2/pH varies naturally are suggested to be relatively resilient to future ocean acidification. To test this hypothesis, the effect of elevated pCO2 was investigated in the articulated coralline red alga Corallina elongata from an intertidal rock pool on the north coast of Brittany (France), where pCO2 naturally varied daily between 70 and 1000 μatm. Metabolism was measured on algae in the laboratory after they had been grown for 3 weeks at pCO2 concentrations of 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm. Net and gross primary production, respiration and calcification rates were assessed by measurements of oxygen and total alkalinity fluxes using incubation chambers in the light and dark. Calcite mol % Mg/Ca (mMg/Ca) was analysed in the tips, branches and basal parts of the fronds, as well as in new skeletal structures produced by the algae in the different pCO2 treatments. Respiration, gross primary production and calcification in light and dark were not significantly affected by increased pCO2. Algae grown under elevated pCO2 (550, 750 and 1000 μatm) formed fewer new structures and produced calcite with a lower mMg/Ca ratio relative to those grown under 380 μatm. This study supports the assumption that C. elongata from a tidal pool, where pCO2 fluctuates over diel and seasonal cycles, is relatively robust to elevated pCO2 compared to other recently investigated coralline algae. 相似文献
79.
David Landy Isabelle Mallard Anne Ponchel Eric Monflier Sophie Fourmentin 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2012,10(3):225-237
Nowadays, the human activity and the modern way of life are responsible for the increase of the environmental pollution. Industrial processes generate a variety of molecules that may pollute air, water, and soils due to negative impacts for ecosystems and humans. The development of innovative remediation technologies has thus emerged as a significant environmental priority. Within this scope, supramolecular chemistry, which is a recent discipline, could provide solutions. In particular, cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides having a low-polarity cavity in which organic compounds of appropriate shape and size can form inclusion complexes. This unique property makes them suitable for application in environmental protection. Here, we review the use of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives in remediation technologies. Accordingly, the present review shows the advantages of using CDs in soil, groundwater, wastewater, and atmosphere remediation. Resulting processes are highly versatile, since the complexing ability of CD is applicable to a wide range of pollutants. They may also been referred to green processes, according to the CD innocuity. Moreover, as inclusion phenomena correspond to reversible equilibriums, a major trend in the CD environmental application field is to develop methods, which combine supramolecular chemistry and irreversible processes, as advanced oxidation or biodegradation. Such processes might lead to a complete remediation of pollutants and eventually to the CD recycling. 相似文献
80.
Sophie Arnaud-Haond V. Vonau C. Rouxel F. Bonhomme Jean Prou E. Goyard P. Boudry 《Marine Biology》2008,155(2):147-157
In order to study further the genetic structure of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera in French Polynesia with a special consideration for the sampling scale, we analyzed or re-analyzed sets of data based on
nuclear DNA markers obtained at different spatial scales. At a large scale (several 1,000 km), the remote Marquesas Islands
were confirmed to be significantly differentiated from Tuamotu–Gambier and Society archipelagos, with a marked difference
however for the two main islands that are different from each other. At a medium scale (several 10 to several 100 km), overall
homogeneity was observed within and between these two archipelagos, with some exceptions. This could be attributed both to
large-scale larval dispersal and to human-driven spat translocations due to pearl oyster cultivation. These results contrast
with those observed (1) at a small scale (less than 10 km) in a lagoon heavily impacted by translocation and cultural practices,
where significant genetic differentiation was detected among three laying beds, and (2) at a micro scale where we detected
an important variability of the genetic composition of young spat recruited on artificial collectors. Such patterns could
result from a high variance in the number of genitors at the origin of each cohort, or from pre- or post-settlement selection
on linked loci. Altogether, our data support the hypothesis that under certain conditions populations of bivalves may exhibit
patterns of chaotic genetic patchiness at local scale, in line with the increasing report of such patchiness in marine benthic
organisms. This underlines the importance of sampling scale that should be rigorously defined depending on the questions to
be answered. Nevertheless, a survey of about 80 articles dealing with population genetics of marine invertebrates showed that
only 35% of those studies disclosed details about the sampling strategy (particularly the area explored). These results emphasize
the need for cautious interpretation of patterns of genetic structure at medium scale when rigorous sampling strategies are
not deployed.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献