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991.
Martin G. J. Löder Cédric Meunier Karen H. Wiltshire Maarten Boersma Nicole Aberle 《Marine Biology》2011,158(7):1551-1580
Mesocosm experiments coupled with dilution grazing experiments were carried out during the phytoplankton spring bloom 2009.
The interactions between phytoplankton, microzooplankton and copepods were investigated using natural plankton communities
obtained from Helgoland Roads (54°11.3′N; 7°54.0′E), North Sea. In the absence of mesozooplankton grazers, the microzooplankton
rapidly responded to different prey availabilities; this was most pronounced for ciliates such as strombidiids and strobilids.
The occurrence of ciliates was strongly dependent on specific prey and abrupt losses in their relative importance with the
disappearance of their prey were observed. Thecate and athecate dinoflagellates had a broader food spectrum and slower reaction
times compared with ciliates. In general, high microzooplankton potential grazing impacts with an average consumption of 120%
of the phytoplankton production (P
p
) were measured. Thus, the decline in phytoplankton biomass could be mainly attributed to an intense grazing by microzooplankton.
Copepods were less important phytoplankton grazers consuming on average only 47% of P
p
. Microzooplankton in turn contributed a substantial part to the copepods’ diets especially with decreasing quality of phytoplankton
food due to nutrient limitation over the course of the bloom. Copepod grazing rates exceeded microzooplankton growth, suggesting
their strong top-down control potential on microzooplankton in the field. Selective grazing by microzooplankton was an important
factor for stabilising a bloom of less-preferred diatom species in our mesocosms with specific species (Thalassiosira spp., Rhizosolenia spp. and Chaetoceros spp.) dominating the bloom. This study demonstrates the importance of microzooplankton grazers for structuring and controlling
phytoplankton spring blooms in temperate waters and the important role of copepods as top-down regulators of microzooplankton. 相似文献
992.
Lena von Harbou Corinna D. Dubischar Evgeny A. Pakhomov Brian P. V. Hunt Wilhelm Hagen Ulrich V. Bathmann 《Marine Biology》2011,158(9):2009-2026
Feeding dynamics of the Antarctic salps Ihlea racovitzai and Salpa thompsoni were studied in the Lazarev Sea in fall 2004, summer 2005–2006 and winter 2006. Pigment concentrations in the guts of both
species were positively correlated with ambient surface chlorophyll a (chl a). No evidence was found for salp clogging even at dense surface concentrations of up to 7 μg chl a L−1. However, gut pigment concentrations had a lower range than ambient pigment concentrations, suggesting that salps increased
retention times of ingested material in low-food environments. For medium-sized I. racovitzai and S. thompsoni, estimated individual daily rations reached 7–10 and >100% of body carbon in winter and summer, respectively. Daily respiratory
needs of I. racovitzai and S. thompsoni accounted for 28 and 22% of daily carbon assimilation based on pigment ingestion rates in winter, and for 2 and 1% in summer,
respectively. The grazing impact of the salp populations on the phytoplankton standing stock was negligible during all seasons
due to generally low salp densities. Fatty acid trophic biomarkers in the salps suggest high year-round contributions of flagellates
and modest contributions of diatoms to the salp’s diet. These markers showed low seasonal variability for I. racovitzai. The more pronounced seasonality of trophic markers in S. thompsoni were likely related to their generally deeper residence depth in winter linked to a seasonal alternation of sexual and asexual
generations. 相似文献
993.
994.
Siegfried Franck Werner von BlohChristoph Müller Alberte BondeauB. Sakschewski 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(12):2019-2026
The maximum population, also called Earth's carrying capacity, is the maximum number of people that can live on the food and other resources available on planet Earth. Previous investigations estimated the maximum carrying capacity as large as about 1 trillion people under the assumption that photosynthesis is the limiting process. Here we use a present state-of-the-art dynamic global vegetation model with managed planetary land surface, Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land (LPJmL), to calculate the yields of the most productive crops on a global 0.5° × 0.5° grid. Using the 2005 crop distribution the model predicts total harvested calories that are sufficient for the nutrition of 11.4 billion people. We define scenarios where humankind uses the whole land area for agriculture, saves the rain forests and the boreal evergreen forests or cultivates only pasture to feed animals. Every scenario is run in an extreme version with no allowance for urban and recreational needs and in two soft versions with a certain area per person for non-agricultural use. We find that there are natural limits of the maximum carrying capacity which are independent of any increase in agricultural productivity, if non-agricultural land use is accounted for. Using all land planet Earth can sustain 282 billion people. The save-forests-scenario yields 150 billion people. The scenario that cultivates only pasture to feed animals yields 96 billion people. Nevertheless, we should always have in mind that all our calculated numbers for the carrying capacity refer to extreme scenarios where humankind may only vegetate on this planet. Our numbers are considerably higher than the general median estimate of upper bounds of human population found in the literature in the order of 10 billion. 相似文献
995.
Erik Olsen Alf Ring Kleiven Hein Rune Skjoldal Cecilie H. von Quillfeldt 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(2):257-269
Place-based management is any management action having implications for a specified area. Place-based management is seen as
a key component to practical implementation of ecosystem approach to management, with marine spatial planning (MSP) being
the currently most promoted approach. In the present paper we address the challenges of place-based management at local, regional
and global (oceanic) spatial scales using case studies from the Northeast Atlantic with examples from Norway. Both ecological,
governance and management complexity increases with increasing geographic scale, with associated increases in uncertainty
and thus increasing need for managing under the precautionary approach. A process where (ecologically) valuable and vulnerable
areas are defined early on is essential to successful place-based management under the ecosystem approach. Integrating across
sectors and achieving necessary cooperation between involved institutions and stakeholders is also necessary. 相似文献
996.
Massimo?TavoniEmail author Bob?van der?Zwaan 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2011,16(5):431-440
In this paper, we analyze the relative importance and mutual behavior of two competing base-load electricity generation options
that each are capable of contributing significantly to the abatement of global CO2 emissions: nuclear energy and coal-based power production complemented with CO2 capture and storage (CCS). We also investigate how, in scenarios developed with an integrated assessment model that simulates
the economics of a climate-constrained world, the prospects for nuclear energy would change if exogenous limitations on the
spread of nuclear technology were relaxed. Using the climate change economics model World Induced Technical Change Hybrid,
we find that until 2050 the growth rates of nuclear electricity generation capacity would become comparable to historical
rates observed during the 1980s. Given that nuclear energy continues to face serious challenges and contention, we inspect
how extensive the improvements of coal-based power equipped with CCS technology would need to be if our economic optimization
model is to significantly scale down the construction of new nuclear power plants. 相似文献
997.
Maternal nutritional status is a determinant of child health. This paper studies the association between a mother's body mass index (BMI) and her infant's nutritional status over a one year time frame after the 1998 flood crisis in Bangladesh. The paper uses secondary analysis of data collected from 757 households in seven rural areas of Bangladesh affected by the 1998 flood using multiple-stage probability sampling techniques (n = 143). Logistic regression models were employed to investigate the predictive impact of maternal BMI on infant's nutritional status after controlling for a range of child and maternal factors. An underweight mother was a significant factor with regard to the risk of infants suffering stunting (odds ratio (OR) = 4.45, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-18.94) and being underweight (OR = 3.51, 95 per cent CI = 1.02-12.05) a year later, but not wasting (OR = 2.09, 95 per cent CI = 0.51-8.67). The findings suggest that there is a post-emergency link between maternal and infant nutritional health. 相似文献
998.
Maria Molnarne Volkmar Schröder 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2011,24(6):900-907
The classification of flammable gas mixtures is based on either testing or calculation methods proposed by the revised international standard ISO 10156. This standard is used for classification of physical hazards in Chapters 2.2 and 2.4 of the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and in the UN Recommendations on Transport of Dangerous Goods (TDG). The test methods of flammability and oxidizing potential in this standard were developed by BAM. Earlier versions of this standard are not based on triangular diagrams and on the reference combustible substance “ethane”. The old material characteristics, especially in case of oxidizing potential, are based mostly on practical experience without any quantifiable test results. First time it is possible to compare experimental results from the CHEMSAFE database with the newly developed calculation method. In this paper the basic principles of the calculation methods are presented and the methods are validated by examples. A comparison of experimental flammability data with classification results gained by the calculation methods of ISO 10156 is demonstrated. 相似文献
999.
Studies that focus on single predator-prey interactions can be inadequate for understanding antipredator responses in multi-predator systems. Yet there is still a general lack of information about the strategies of prey to minimize predation risk from multiple predators at the landscape level. Here we examined the distribution of seven African ungulate species in the fenced Karongwe Game Reserve (KGR), South Africa, as a function of predation risk from all large carnivore species (lion, leopard, cheetah, African wild dog, and spotted hyena). Using observed kill data, we generated ungulate-specific predictions of relative predation risk and of riskiness of habitats. To determine how ungulates minimize predation risk at the landscape level, we explicitly tested five hypotheses consisting of strategies that reduce the probability of encountering predators, and the probability of being killed. All ungulate species avoided risky habitats, and most selected safer habitats, thus reducing their probability of being killed. To reduce the probability of encountering predators, most of the smaller prey species (impala, warthog, waterbuck, kudu) avoided the space use of all predators, while the larger species (wildebeest, zebra, giraffe) only avoided areas where lion and leopard space use were high. The strength of avoidance for the space use of predators generally did not correspond to the relative predation threat from those predators. Instead, ungulates used a simpler behavioral rule of avoiding the activity areas of sit-and-pursue predators (lion and leopard), but not those of cursorial predators (cheetah and African wild dog). In general, selection and avoidance of habitats was stronger than avoidance of the predator activity areas. We expect similar decision rules to drive the distribution pattern of ungulates in other African savannas and in other multi-predator systems, especially where predators differ in their hunting modes. 相似文献
1000.
Ellis C. Becking Ewoud Schuit Sophie M. E. van Baar de Knegt Erik A. Sistermans Lidewij Henneman Mireille N. Bekker Peter G. Scheffer 《黑龙江环境通报》2023,43(7):838-853