生态滤池中植物对生活污水净化能力的影响及其微生物群落组成

生态滤池处理效果受到许多因素影响,不同植物类型导致生态滤池净化效果有明显差异。为提高生态滤池在贵州省农村适用性,研究了生态滤池中3种本地湿地植物（风车草、美人蕉、菖蒲）在不同配置条件下对生活污水中主要污染物包括COD、NH₃-N、TN、TP的去除效果,通过比较不同植物配置下主要污染物的去除率,筛选出生态滤池技术在贵州省可以达到最佳污水净化效果的植物配置。结果表明:菖蒲冬季耐寒性好,其对COD、NH₃-N及TP的去除效果最佳,去除率分别可达88%、92%以及47%;风车草与菖蒲组合TN去除能力最佳,可达49%。滤池内存在的主要微生物群落组成类似,为Proteobacteria（变形菌门）、Chloroflexi（绿弯菌门）、Acidobacteria（酸杆菌门）为主,硝化细菌群落多样性较低,以氨氧化细菌为主;反硝化细菌种类较多,存在部分好氧反硝化细菌。     

三种红树植物落叶碎屑对海水中多环芳烃吸附作用的实验研究

在实验室条件下,研究了海水中多环芳烃（PAHs）（含苊、菲、）浓度分别为90、900或9000 μg/L时,无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala）、秋茄（Kandelia candel）和木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）不同分解状态落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附作用。结果显示:在相同PAHs浓度下,无瓣海桑、秋茄和木榄落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附总量差异显著（p < 0.05）,吸附率树种间也差异显著（p < 0.05）。当海水中PAHs的浓度为90和900 μg/L时,3种红树植物落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附率均是无瓣海桑黑叶最高,分别为32.6%和35.1%。同一树种不同分解状态落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附规律因树种而异:秋茄棕叶和黑叶对PAHs的吸附率均随着PAHs浓度的增加而增加;木榄棕叶和黑叶对PAHs的吸附率均随着PAHs浓度的增加,先上升（从90 μg/L到900 μg/L）,然后下降（从900 μg/L到9000 μg/L）;无瓣海桑棕叶对PAHs的吸附率是随着PAHs浓度的增加而增加,而黑叶却随着PAHs浓度的增加,吸附率先是上升,然后下降。3种红树植物同一分解状态的落叶碎屑对单个PAHs组分的吸附率规律存在差异。同一树种同一分解状态的落叶碎屑对不同PAHs组分的吸附规律也存在差异。     

中国森林公园旅游业发展的就业效应分析

发展旅游业是扩大就业的重要渠道。森林公园旅游业是中国森林旅游业的主体。本文首先概述了中国森林公园建设与发展状况,并基于林业统计年鉴数据,分析中国森林公园旅游业发展及直接就业效应,进而采用投入产出法对森林公园旅游业的间接就业效应进行了测算,最后总结全文并提出相关政策建议。研究结果表明:森林公园旅游业持续发展的就业效应可观。测算数据显示,2011-2020年森林公园旅游业的总体就业量为512.1万人,其中直接和间接就业量分别为238.5万人和273.6万人。     

Lichens as a useful mapping tool?—an approach to assess atmospheric N loads in Germany by total N content and stable isotope signature

To assess whether nitrogen (N) content and δ¹⁵N ratios in nitrophytic lichen species (Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. (1860) and Physcia spp. (Schreb.) Michaux (1803)) reflect the quantity and quality of atmospheric N loads, 348 lichen samples from 174 sampling grid cells were investigated in the western part of Germany. The analysed lichen N content ranged between 0.98 and 4.28 % and δ¹⁵N ratios between ?15.2 and ?1.3?‰. Based on the N concentrations and the δ¹⁵N ratios of lichens, different landscape categories and coupled N deposition rates could be inferred for different regions of Germany. By analysing environmental variables like altitude, ammonia emission density, livestock unit and different defined deposition types, a direct relationship was found between lichen chemistry and N compounds produced from agricultural activity. The results support the development of a monitoring method which could be used nationally or even internationally to support current N deposition measurements, by providing reliable information on the quantity and quality of N deposition in high N environments.     

Beyond the material grave: Life Cycle Impact Assessment of leaching from secondary materials in road and earth constructions

In industrialized countries, large amounts of mineral wastes are produced. They are re-used in various ways, particularly in road and earth constructions, substituting primary resources such as gravel. However, they may also contain pollutants, such as heavy metals, which may be leached to the groundwater. The toxic impacts of these emissions are so far often neglected within Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of products or waste treatment services and thus, potentially large environmental impacts are currently missed. This study aims at closing this gap by assessing the ecotoxic impacts of heavy metal leaching from industrial mineral wastes in road and earth constructions. The flows of metals such as Sb, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, V and Zn originating from three typical constructions to the environment are quantified, their fate in the environment is assessed and potential ecotoxic effects evaluated. For our reference country, Germany, the industrial wastes that are applied as Granular Secondary Construction Material (GSCM) carry more than 45,000 t of diverse heavy metals per year. Depending on the material quality and construction type applied, up to 150 t of heavy metals may leach to the environment within the first 100 years after construction. Heavy metal retardation in subsoil can potentially reduce the fate to groundwater by up to 100%. One major challenge of integrating leaching from constructions into macro-scale LCA frameworks is the high variability in micro-scale technical and geographical factors, such as material qualities, construction types and soil types. In our work, we consider a broad range of parameter values in the modeling of leaching and fate. This allows distinguishing between the impacts of various road constructions, as well as sites with different soil properties. The findings of this study promote the quantitative consideration of environmental impacts of long-term leaching in Life Cycle Assessment, complementing site-specific risk assessment, for the design of waste management strategies, particularly in the construction sector.     

A reassessment of the mating system characteristics of the army ant Eciton burchellii

In a recent study, Denny et al. (2004a) showed that queens of the army ant, Eciton burchellii, mate with multiple males and presented estimates suggesting that they mate with more males than queens of any other ant species so far investigated. They also inferred that data were consistent with queens being inseminated repeatedly throughout their life, which would be exceptional among the social Hymenoptera and contradictory to predictions from kin selection theory. In the present study, we reanalyze these data using new software and supplement them with similar microsatellite data from other colonies of the same species. Mating frequencies in E. burchellii are indeed very high (mean observed and effective queen-mating frequencies of 12.9 each) but considerably lower than the previous estimates. We show that the number of patrilines represented in the first worker offspring of a young queen is lower than in older queens but suggest that this may be due to initial sperm clumping in the queen’s sperm storage organ, rather than to repeated inseminations. Moreover, we found no evidence for repeated mating by genotyping sequential worker generations produced by a single old queen, showing that she did not obtain new inseminations despite ample opportunities for mating.     

骆马湖泥-水界面磷铁硫原位同步变化特征

利用薄膜梯度扩散（DGT）原位采样装置获取了骆马湖全湖8个典型湖区泥-水界面（SWI）活性磷（P）、铁（Fe）、硫（S）垂向分布信息，据此定量估算三者交换通量.结果表明，骆马湖沉积物剖面P、Fe、S浓度范围分别为0~2.05，0~11.10和0.01~0.63mg/L，并在微小尺度呈高度空间异质性.在水平方向上活性P、Fe主要表现为西北湖区高于东南湖区，而活性S则未表现出明显的分布规律；就垂直剖面而言，活性P、Fe、S自界面向下呈升高趋势，并在60mm深度内出现峰值，且活性P和Fe剖面呈明显的同步变化特征；活性P、Fe在多数点位具有显著的正相关性（r>0.65，P<0.01），且各采样点沉积物中的总铁与总磷比值[w（∑Fe）/w（∑P）]均高于15，这表明Fe的地球化学循环过程对于骆马湖内源磷释放起重要控制作用；8个采样点样品中活性P、Fe、S交换通量分别为0.066~0.698，1.671~5.592和0.007~0.071mg/（m²·d），表明P、Fe、S由沉积物向水体释放.西北湖区表现出较高的P通量和活性P浓度，这可能会增加南水北调过程中水质污染的风险，应予以重视.以上结果支持了P、Fe耦合释放机制，明确了骆马湖SWI的活性P、Fe、S迁移特征.     

基于卫星测高数据的2002～2018年太湖水位变化监测

针对传统水位监测方法的弊端以及太湖水位变化监测的现实需求,基于Envisat和Cryosat-2测高数据,采用Morlet小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验法研究2002年6月～2018年12月近20a的水位以及周期变化,并应用实测数据进行精度验证,从气象因素和人为影响两方面分析其不同时间尺度的变化趋势以及原因.结...     

Degradation of phenol in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor at ambient temperatureKE

A synthetic wastewater containing phenol as sole substrate was treated in a 2.8 L upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor at ambient temperature. The operation conditions and phenol removal efficiency were discussed, microbial population in the UASB sludge was identified based on DNA cloning, and pathway of anaerobic phenol degradation was proposed. Phenol in wastewater was degraded in an UASB reactor at loading rate up to 18 gCOD/(L·d), With a 1:1 recycle ratio, at 26(1℃, pH 7.0-7.5. An UASB reactor was able to remove 99% of phenol up to 1226 mg/L in wastewater with 24 h of hydraulic retention time(HRT). For HRT below 24 h, phenol degradation efficiency decreased with HRT, from 95.4% at 16 h to 93.8% at 12 h. It further deteriorated to 88.5% when HRT reached 8 h. When the concentration of influent phenol of the reactor was 1260 mg/L(corresponding COD 3000 mg/L), with the HRT decreasing(from 40 h to 4 h, corresponding COD loading increasing), the biomass yields tended to increase from 0.265 to 3.08 g/(L·d). While at 12 h of HRT, the biomass yield was lower. When HRT was 12 h, the methane yield was 0.308 L/(gCOD removed), which was the highest. Throughout the study, phenol was the sole organic substrate. The effluent contained only residual phenol without any detectable intermediates, such as benzoate, 4-hydrobenzoate or volatile fatty acids(VFAs). Based on DNA cloning analysis, the sludge was composed of five groups of microorganisms. Desulfotomaculum and Clostridium were likely responsible for the conversion of phenol to benzoate, which was further degraded by Syntrophus to acetate and H2/CO2. Methanogens lastly converted acetate and H2/CO2 to methane. The role of epsilon-Proteobacteria was, however, unsure.