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821.
Jeffery J. Himmelberger Samuel J. Ratick Allen L. White 《Environmental management》1991,15(5):647-658
This article analyzes the recent negotiations connected with siting 24 solid-waste landfills in Wisconsin. We examine the
association between the type and amount of compensation paid to host communities by facility developers and the size of facilities,
certain facility characteristics, the timing of negotiated agreements, the size of the host community, and the socioeconomic
status of the host area. Our findings suggest that the level of compensation after adjusting for landfill capacity is positively
associated with the percentage of total facility capacity dedicated to host community use, positively associated with the
percentage of people of the host area who are in poverty, and larger for public facilities that accept municipal wastes. Other
explanatory variables we examined, whose association with levels of compensation proved statistically insignificant, were
facility size, facility status (new vs expansion), facility use (countyonly vs multicounty), timing of negotiation, host community
size, and the host area education level, population density, and per capita income. We discuss the policy implications of
our principal findings and future research questions in light of the persistent opposition surrounding the siting of solid-waste
and other waste-management facilities. 相似文献
822.
The land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) method has been used extensively in the United States to assess agricultural
land suitability for different localities. Despite widespread use, LESA models rarely have been evaluated in a systematic,
comprehensive manner. This article discusses development of a LESA system for Hawaii, the first statewide application of the
LESA methodology. The empirical model was implemented with a computerized geographic information system (GIS). The system's
efficiency, ability to discriminate among land parcels, and robustness to subjective model parameter values are evaluated
with statistical analyses and map overlays of GIS data. Results show great potential to simplify the original model specification,
primarily through deletion of marginal site assessment factors. System output was generally insensitive to the numeric values
selected for model parameters, with exception of the ratio used to combine the land evaluation (LE) and site assessment (SA)
component scores. Relative supplies of the differing land attributes measured by the two components must be considered in
determining an appropriate LE:SA ratio for a given area. 相似文献
823.
824.
Traditional command-and-control regulations provide few opportunities for total quality environmental management because they usually do not take into account cost and efficiency factors. However, in the past several years both Congress and EPA have shown increasing interest in using incentive-type approaches to regulate the environment. These include taxes, marketable pollution privileges, deposits and refunds, information disclosure provisions, and subsidies. The author details examples of each and discusses how they can effectively complement a quality program. 相似文献
825.
826.
Morris L. Maslia Mustafa M. Aral Robert C. Williams Allan S. Susten Janet L. Heitgerd 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(6):1025-1041
ABSTRACT: Simulation of ground-water flow and fate of contaminants in the subsurface environment constitutes a major phase of most environmental assessment and site remediation studies. These simulation studies yield information on spatial and temporal distributions of contaminants in the subsurface media. An important use of this information is to conduct exposure assessment studies. Spatial and temporal distributions of both chemical concentrations and exposed populations render this integrated exposure analysis task rather difficult. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), on the other hand, provide a platform in which layered, spatially distributed databases can be manipulated with ease, thereby simplifying exposure analysis tasks significantly. In this paper, we describe procedures that combine the simulation models and demographic databases under a GIS platform to automate the exposure assessment phase of a typical health assessment study. Procedures developed herein significantly simplify the post-processing phase of the analysis, and render the overall task more ‘user friendly.’ A site-specific application is included as a demonstration of the proposed process. 相似文献
827.
828.
Teresa N. Malafi Marlene A. Devine Larry L. Lesher 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1994,2(4):219-223
This paper summarizes a study evaluating the acceptance and perceived performance of disposable cutlery made from starch-based biodegradable resins relative to nondegradable polystyrene cutlery. Two hundred forty-three sailors onboard three U.S. Navy vessels ate their lunch using either biodegradable cutlery made with resins manufactured by one of two commercial companies or polystyrene cutlery. The cutlery was rated on several sensory and performance dimensions as well as for overall acceptability. Results indicated that sailors rated both the biodegradable and the polystyrene utensils as easy to hold. There were also no differences in the perceived ease of using each of the spoons. However, compared to the polystyrene utensils, both types of biodegradable utensils were viewed as less sturdy, as having a less attractive color, and as being less acceptable overall. The biodegradable forks and knives were also rated as more difficult to use for piercing and cutting food than the polystyrene ones. In addition, several significant differences emerged between the two types of biodegradable cutlery. The results are discussed in terms of the need for continued consumer testing of products developed from biodegradable polymeric materials. 相似文献
829.
During the period of 1972 through 1993, Environmental Concern Inc. (EC) and its recent (1989) affiliate Environmental Construction
Company (ECC) have completed 216 marsh construction projects to control upland bank erosion in tributaries of the Maryland
portion of Chesapeake Bay. Of these projects, 26 have involved marsh construction on unaltered existing shores and 190 have
utilized marsh construction on shores that have been restored to former increased elevations through shoreline filling and
grading. This paper describes the latter restoration technique. Throughout the 21-year period of applying the technique for
long-term upland bank erosion control, refinements to the design standards and criteria for site suitability have been made
so as to optimize its successful application. As a result of this experience, a reliable bioengineering restoration technique
has evolved to control upland bank erosion. This paper describes the details of this successful technique through a review
of: (1) its objectives and benefits, (2) suitability of sites for its application, (3) the design of its shore restoration,
(4) its construction, (5) its maintenance, and (6) comparison of its cost with those of structural techniques for bank erosion
control. Although the technique has only been applied in the Maryland portions of Chesapeake Bay, its applicability should,
with modifications, be broadly applicable to all water bodies. 相似文献
830.
This study concerns design features of urban parking lots which can increase the perception of such areas as both safe and attractive. College students evaluated the attractiveness and perceived security associated with 180 scenes of parking lots adjacent to commercial and multi-family residential structures in Atlanta and Athens, Georgia, U.S.A. High intergroup correlations (r > 0·90) indicated the reliability of evaluations of both perceived features. Regressions of physical features on perceived security ratings and attractiveness ratings yielded highly predictive models (R2 = 0·76 and 0·80, respectively). For both sets of ratings a Maintenance and Design factor accounted for the most variance. Although attractiveness ratings were higher as the total amount of vegetation increased in a scene, security was in general rated higher only when vegetation was well maintained and appeared to be installed as part of a landscape design. Attractiveness was generally higher for multi-family residential scenes than for commercial scenes. Perceived security was higher for frontal views of structures, especially when entrances were proximate to the viewer. Research implications are discussed in terms of the impact of natural features in urban areas for increasing attractiveness and reducing fear of crime. 相似文献