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401.
402.
Abigail Bennett Xavier Basurto John Virdin Xinyan Lin Samantha J. Betances Martin D. Smith Edward H. Allison Barbara A. Best Kelly D. Brownell Lisa M. Campbell Christopher D. Golden Elizabeth Havice Christina C. Hicks Peter J. Jacques Kristin Kleisner Niels Lindquist Rafaella Lobo Grant D. Murray Michelle Nowlin Pawan G. Patil Douglas N. Rader Stephen E. Roady Shakuntala H. Thilsted Sarah Zoubek 《Ambio》2021,50(5):981
The international development community is off-track from meeting targets for alleviating global malnutrition. Meanwhile, there is growing consensus across scientific disciplines that fish plays a crucial role in food and nutrition security. However, this ‘fish as food’ perspective has yet to translate into policy and development funding priorities. We argue that the traditional framing of fish as a natural resource emphasizes economic development and biodiversity conservation objectives, whereas situating fish within a food systems perspective can lead to innovative policies and investments that promote nutrition-sensitive and socially equitable capture fisheries and aquaculture. This paper highlights four pillars of research needs and policy directions toward this end. Ultimately, recognizing and working to enhance the role of fish in alleviating hunger and malnutrition can provide an additional long-term development incentive, beyond revenue generation and biodiversity conservation, for governments, international development organizations, and society more broadly to invest in the sustainability of capture fisheries and aquaculture.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01451-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
403.
Luo Yaowen Yan Jianguo McClure Stephen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(6):6587-6599
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The COVID-19 outbreak has become a global pandemic. The spatial variation in the environmental, health, socioeconomic, and demographic risk factors of... 相似文献
404.
Zhu Feng Chen Lan Qian Zhengmin Liao Yuxue Zhang Zhen McMillin Stephen Edward Wang Xiaojie Lin Hualiang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(28):37195-37203
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - There are relatively few studies that focus on the health effects of exposure to size-specific particles on respiratory mortality in China. We aimed... 相似文献
405.
Duarte-Guardia Sandra Peri Pablo L. Amelung Wulf Sheil Douglas Laffan Shawn W. Borchard Nils Bird Michael I. Dieleman Wouter Pepper David A. Zutta Brian Jobbagy Esteban Silva Lucas C. R. Bonser Stephen P. Berhongaray Gonzalo Piñeiro Gervasio Martinez Maria-Jose Cowie Annette L. Ladd Brenton 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2019,24(3):355-372
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Soils hold the largest pool of organic carbon (C) on Earth; yet, soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoirs are not well represented in climate... 相似文献
406.
Anton Eitzinger Peter Läderach Beatriz Rodriguez Myles Fisher Stephen Beebe Kai Sonder Axel Schmidt 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(5):743-760
Drybeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are an important subsistence crop in Central America. Future climate change may threaten drybean production and jeopardize smallholder farmers’ food security. We estimated yield changes in drybeans due to changing climate in these countries using downscaled data from global circulation models (GCMs) in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. We generated daily weather data, which we used in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) drybean submodel. We compared different cultivars, soils, and fertilizer options in three planting seasons. We analyzed the simulated yields to spatially classify high-impact spots of climate change across the four countries. The results show a corridor of reduced yields from Lake Nicaragua to central Honduras (10–38 % decrease). Yields increased in the Guatemalan highlands, towards the Atlantic coast, and in southern Nicaragua (10–41 % increase). Some farmers will be able to adapt to climate change, but others will have to change crops, which will require external support. Research institutions will need to devise technologies that allow farmers to adapt and provide policy makers with feasible strategies to implement them. 相似文献
407.
408.
Long-term studies have revealed that the structure and dynamics of many tropical forests are changing, but the causes and consequences of these changes remain debated. To learn more about the forces driving changes within tropical forests, we investigated shifts in tree species composition over the past 25 years within the 50-ha Forest Dynamics Plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, and examined how observed patterns relate to predictions of (1) random population fluctuations, (2) carbon fertilization, (3) succession from past disturbance, (4) recovery from an extreme El Ni?o drought at the start of the study period, and (5) long-term climate change. We found that there have been consistent and directional changes in the tree species composition. These shifts have led to increased relative representations of drought-tolerant species as determined by the species' occurrence both across a gradient of soil moisture within BCI and across a wider precipitation gradient from a dry forest near the Pacific coast of Panama to a wet forest near its Caribbean coast. These nonrandom changes cannot be explained by stochastic fluctuations or carbon fertilization. They may be the legacy of the El Ni?o drought, or alternatively, potentially reflect increased aridity due to long-term climate change. By investigating compositional changes, we increased not only our understanding of the ecology of tropical forests and their responses to large-scale disturbances, but also our ability to predict how future global change will impact some of the critical services provided by these important ecosystems. 相似文献
409.
Angela F. McGaffin Stephen Nicol Patti Virtue Yasuo Hirano Tsuyoshi Matsuda Itaru Uchida Steven G. Candy So Kawaguchi 《Marine Biology》2011,158(8):1743-1755
Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, hatched from eggs and maintained for four years, were sampled periodically for age-pigment analysis. Extractable pigments
from the eye and eyestalk ganglia were quantified using fluorescence intensity and standardised against protein. Three peak
fluorescence intensities were detected at wavelengths of excitation 280 nm, emission 625 nm (pigment 1); excitation 355 nm,
emission 510 nm (pigment 2); and excitation 463 nm, emission 620 nm (pigment 3). There was a positive correlation between
the quantity of pigments 1 and 3 and the age of Antarctic krill. A model was developed to predict age from pigment 3 and to
compare it with other age proxies (carapace length and eyeball diameter). The quantity of pigment 3 was the best predictor
of age. The pigment method can discriminate between similar sized krill aged 12 and 36 months. Age pigments provide an improved
tool for age estimation in Antarctic krill, particularly if used in conjunction with other demographic information. 相似文献
410.
Clare Paton-Walsh Stephen R. Wilson Travis Naylor David W. T. Griffith O. T. Denmead 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2011,16(5):441-452
The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area contains highly sensitive ecosystems that are threatened by the effects of anthropogenic
activity including eutrophication. The nearby sugarcane plantations of tropical north Queensland are fertilised annually and
there has been ongoing concern about the magnitude of the loss of applied nitrogen to the environment. Previous studies have
considered the potential of rainwater run-off to deposit reactive nitrogen species into rivers and ultimately into the Great
Barrier Reef Lagoon, but have neglected the possibility of transport via the atmosphere. This paper reports the results of
a modelling study commissioned by Australia’s National Heritage Trust aimed at assessing whether or not atmospheric deposition
of reactive nitrogen from Queensland’s sugarcane plantations posed a potential threat to the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. Atmospheric
dispersion modelling was undertaken using The Air Pollution Model, developed by Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation. Despite the predominance of onshore southeasterly winds, the dispersion model results indicate that
9% of the time during the sugarcane fertilization season (in the modeled years 2001–2006) the meteorological conditions resulted
in emissions from the coastal regions of north Queensland being transported out over the ocean around the Great Barrier Reef.
The results suggest that there may be a greater efficiency for transport out over the reef during October than for November
and December. For the 2 months that exhibited the greatest potential for transport of coastal pollution to the Great Barrier
Reef, the modeled deposition of nitrogen oxides (NOX) into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon was less than 1% of the total emissions from the sugarcane plantations, but was not zero.
Our model has a simple chemical scheme that does not cover the full chemistry of all reactive nitrogen compounds and so the
results are only indicative of the potential levels of deposition. Nevertheless, our study shows that small amounts of NOX that originate from sugarcane fertilization may be transported and dry deposited into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Other
pathways not included in the modeling scheme may provide a more efficient transport mechanism. Whilst modern practices for
the application of fertilizer to sugarcane plantations have drastically reduced emissions, the potential efficiency of transport
of pollutants via the atmosphere may be of concern for other more highly polluting agricultural industries. 相似文献