An Analysis of Michigan and California CO Remote Sensing Measurements

Abstract

Remote sensing measurements of CO emissions from on-road vehicles were made in California in 1991 and in Michigan in 1992. It was determined that both fleets had a small linear increase in the high emitter frequency (vehicles emitting more than 4% CO) as a function of vehicle age for 1986 and newer model vehicles. Although high emitting vehicles were only a small minority of the fleet, they had a dominant impact on the mean CO and total CO emitted by the fleet. In Michigan, the highest emitting 5% of passenger cars generated 45% of the CO from cars. In California, the highest emitting 5% of passenger cars generated 38% of the CO from cars. There was a high correlation between the mean CO emitted by each model year of vehicle and the frequency of high emitting vehicles within the model year for both the Michigan and California fleets. The frequency of high emitters within any model year had no obvious relation to that model year’s certification standards. The high emitter frequencies for vehicles less than nine years old were very similar for the California and Michigan fleets. An increase in the high emitter frequency in the ten-year-old and older Michigan passenger car fleet (relative to the California passenger car fleet), suggests, but does not conclusively demonstrate, that the rate of high emitters in Michigan and California is reduced by the inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs.     

Emissions Control and Ambient Air Quality at a Secondary Steel Production Facility

Steel production from electric arc furnaces has been continuously rising over the past few years. The trend is expected to continue due to both the anticipated increase in demand for steel, and to the replacement of obsolete open hearth furnaces. In 1972 steel produced in electric arc furnaces, which makes up 25 to 30% of the annual United States steel production, was produced primarily from recycled scrap steel in approximately 300 electric arc furnaces operated by 99 companies at 121 locations.¹ Over half of these furnaces are smaller than 50 tons, and many are located in small bar mills producing a variety of merchant steel products.     

The Impact of Increased Recycle Rates on Markets in Florida

The State of Florida passed The Florida Solid Waste Management Act of 1988 mandating that county recycling programs be initiated by July 1, 1989. The legislation further expressed the goal that, at a minimum, recycling efforts reduce the amount of solid waste requiring final disposal or resource recovery by 30 percent by the end of 1994. This study was performed to determine the impact on recycle markets when the amounts of materials recycled from the municipal solid waste stream are increased by 30 percent in Florida.

The composition of the municipal waste stream was quantified in terms of the amounts of paper, plastic, metals, glass, and rubber. The effect of a 30 percent increase in the recycle rate of each class of material was calculated and compared to existing recycle rates in the State of Florida. It was determined that there are few capacity constraints on the increase in recycle rates for aluminum, steel (i.e., tin cans), and color separated glass. There are, however, serious constraints on increasing recycle rates for paper, plastics and rubber tires.     

沈阳市不同功能区挥发性有机物分布特征及臭氧生成潜势

采用德国AMA-GC 5000在线气相色谱仪对沈阳市的工业区、交通区和文教混合区这3个不同功能区进行大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)观测,分析沈阳市不同功能区大气VOCs的分布特征,并利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)估算了大气VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP).结果表明,沈阳市大气VOCs平均总浓度为(82.19±54.99)μg·m^-3,其中,采暖期浓度高于非采暖期,且工业区浓度较交通区和文教混合区明显偏高.VOCs浓度日变化曲线中,受早晚交通高峰影响为主的交通区和文教混合区呈双峰特征,工业区受工厂不定时运作排放影响存在多峰.交通区和文教混合区VOCs组分占比表现为:烷烃>芳香烃>烯烃>炔烃,但工业区炔烃占比高于烯烃,由B/T和E/A比值反映交通区和文教混合区受机动车尾气排放和燃料燃烧共同影响,工业区还受石油化工影响产生新鲜气团较多,且采暖期较非采暖期老化气团多.沈阳市大气VOCs的OFP贡献均值为232.89μg·m^-3,烯烃组分对各功能区贡献均占第一,且工业区的芳香烃组分因浓度高贡献也较大.     

Fate of acetone in water

The physical, chemical, and biological processes that might affect the concentration of acetone in water were investigated in laboratory studies. Processes considered included volatilization, adsorption by sediments, photodecomposition, bacterial degradation, and absorption by algae and molds. It was concluded that volatilization and bacterial degradation were the dominant processes determining the fate of acetone in streams and rivers.     

Rh isoimmunization following genetic amniocentesis

A series of 8009 genetic amniocenteses were retrospectively examined to evaluate the relationship of the procedure to Rh isoimmunization. Of the 615 Rh negative women giving birth to Rh positive infants and estimated to be at risk, thirteen (2·1 per cent) were sensitized subsequent to the amniocentesis. Eleven of the sensitizations occurred early in the programs, and a combination of experience and ultrasound performed concurrently with the amniocentesis appear to have reduced the risk of isoimmunization to that of control data from the literature.     

Sodium-dependent amino acid transport in the chlorophyte Platymonas subcordiformis

Sodium-dependent transport of alanine and serine by Platymonas subcordiformis was demonstrated by evaluating the kinetics of entry of these substrates over a range of concentrations of ambient sodium. The reciprocal of the concentration at which entry rate was half maximal (K _t ) was linearly related to ambient sodium concentration; maximum entry (V _max) was not affected. Entry of labeled amino acids as measured by determining radioactivity in the medium was close to but slightly less than rates of net entry as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. This difference presumably reflects extrusion of labeled carbon by the cells in a form not detectable by the chromatographic techniques employed. The coupling coefficient (sodium ions per amino acid molecule) for entry of alanine and serine was evaluated and determined to be 2. Methylaminoisobutyric acid was not taken up by P. subcordiformis and had no inhibitory effect on uptake of alanine or serine. B-2-aminobicycloheptane-2-carboxylic acid competitively inhibited uptake of both substrates. The internal sodium concentration of P. subcordiformis was measured, and the maximum gradient energetically favorable for amino acid transport was calculated from data in the present work and drawn from the literature. Assuming that uptake of amino acids is strictly sodium-dependent, an amino acid concentration gradient of the order of 10⁶ (cell:medium) can be achieved. This concentration differential permits net uptake of amino acids by P. subcordiformis from ambient amino acid levels in the nanomolar range.