基于RSM模型对污泥联合调理的参数优化

研究了CaO、PAFC联合表面活性剂(1227)预处理对污泥脱水性能的影响,以污泥滤饼含水率(WC)和毛细吸水时间(CST)作为评价指标进行单因素实验,得出药剂投加量的最佳范围.然后通过以响应曲面优化法(RSM)为依据的Box-Behnken实验,建立了滤饼含水率和CST减少率二次多项式预测模型,进而得到联合调理的最佳工艺参数.结果表明,联合调理能够明显提高污泥的脱水性能,CaO、PAFC和1227的最佳药剂量分别为42.00,60.40,80.89mg/g,此条件下滤饼含水率为(68.30±0.26)%,CST减少率为(87.30±0.32)%.同时,在最优条件下进行了验证实验,结果与模型预测值基本吻合,表明基于响应曲面法所得的最佳工艺参数准确可靠,对相关污泥处理及条件优化具有一定的指导意义.     

芬顿试剂氧化对污泥脱水性能的影响

利用芬顿试剂调理污泥,以W_C(污泥滤饼含水率)和CST(毛细吸水时间)作为评价污泥脱水性能的指标,通过分析污泥中各层ρ(EPS)(EPS为胞外聚合物)和上清液中小分子有机物质量浓度来阐明污泥脱水性能的变化. 结果表明:芬顿试剂调理可促进EPS氧化分解,TB-EPS(紧密结合的胞外聚合物)破解转化为LB-EPS(松散结合的胞外聚合物)和S-EPS(上清液层胞外聚合物),大幅降低W_C和CST. 试验中当pH为4,w(H₂O₂)和 w(Fe2+)均为40 mg/g时,ρ(EPS)降低了33.04%,W_C和CST分别降至63.36%和28.7 s. Pearson相关性分析表明,ρ(TB-EPS)与W_C和CST均存在显著的正相关性(P＜0.01),是影响污泥脱水性能的重要因素,而ρ(LB-EPS)和ρ(S-EPS)与污泥脱水性能的相关性较低. 液相色谱分析表明,随着芬顿试剂投加量的增大,EPS等有机物分解程度增大,污泥上清液中小分子有机物种类明显增多,其质量浓度显著升高,ρ(甲酸)和ρ(乙酸)分别由原污泥的52.72、15.99 mg/L升至446.05、522.36 mg/L.      

以雨水为核心的城市水环境构建思路

在研究国内外利用雨水构建城市水环境的文献基础上,得出城市水环境构建要空中层、地表层和地下层综合构建三位一体的指导思想,以雨水为核心的城市水环境构建的思路是：从易到难,分步骤进行构建。     

东辽河流域土地利用变化对非点源污染的影响研究

采用国际前沿的SWAT模型及CLUE-S模型,基于3S技术和统计分析方法,分析了吉林省东辽河流域土地利用2000~2005年的土地利用动态变化,并借助于Logistic回归结果探讨了2000~2005年土地利用变化的驱动力空间特征;运用2000年和2005年土地利用数据,结合CLUE-S模型,模拟不同预测方案下东辽河流域未来20a土地利用变化情况.在此基础上,应用SWAT模型分别对研究区2025年2种情景下非点源污染负荷进行模拟.结果表明:不同的土地利用条件下,情景2比情景1的多年平均径流减少了12.26mm、泥沙减少了8.4×103t、溶解态氮减少了8.29kg、有机氮减少了9.49kg、总氮减少了8.4kg、溶解态磷减少了8.61kg、有机磷减少了7.18kg、总磷减少了7.18kg,情景2比情景1更能有效的控制非点源污染.     

化学工业园区重大环境风险源监控技术研究与应用

基于监控系统综合集成的思想,以重大环境污染事件风险源监控技术规范、重大危险源控制规章、污染源在线监测为基础,从监控指标体系、监控布点范围及监控技术筛选三方面建立化学工业园区中重大环境风险源监控技术体系. 结果表明:重大环境风险源监控指标体系主要从企业内部及企业周边敏感受体两方面进行构建;监控范围从重大环境风险源本体、缓冲区及环境敏感受体三方面确定;监控技术筛选时考虑了环境风险源的状态、监控技术方法的实用性和环境风险源/受体属性. 以上海闵行区化学工业园区为例,经调研统计,该化学工业园区共有重大风险源87个,其中罐区60个、排放口12个,其余分散在库房、生产场所等处. 根据化学工业园区企业内部风险设施及周围敏感受体的监控指标、监控范围及常用监控技术,制定了以罐区、排放口的特征风险物质为指标,以储罐的温度、压力、图像视频、液位及排放口特征风险物质浓度的传感器监控技术为主的监控方案.      

纳米零价铁对溶液中PCB77的降解及其影响因素

设计了以溶液初始pH值、3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯(PCB77)初始浓度、纳米零价铁(Fe0)投加量、纳米零价硅(Si0)投加量、腐殖酸和环糊精浓度为影响因素的正交试验,研究纳米Fe0降解PCB77时各因素对反应体系中PCB77残留率、氢离子浓度及氧化还原电位变化的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,在溶液初始pH值为4.5,初始ρ(PCB77)为1 mg.L-1,纳米Fe0投加量为10 g.L-1,纳米Si0投加量为0,ρ(腐殖酸)为0.25 g.L-1,ρ(环糊精)为1 g.L-1时,反应2 h后,PCB77残留率最低,为35.2%。溶液初始pH值对反应体系中PCB77的残留率影响最大,纳米Fe0投加量次之;溶液初始pH值对反应体系中氢离子浓度变化影响最大,环糊精投加量次之;PCB77初始浓度对反应体系中氧化还原电位变化影响最大,纳米Fe0投加量次之。     

Defining trade-offs among conservation, profitability, and food security in the California current bottom-trawl fishery

Although it is recognized that marine wild-capture fisheries are an important source of food for much of the world, the cost of sustainable capture fisheries to species diversity is uncertain, and it is often questioned whether industrial fisheries can be managed sustainably. We evaluated the trade-off among sustainable food production, profitability, and conservation objectives in the groundfish bottom-trawl fishery off the U.S. West Coast, where depletion (i.e., reduction in abundance) of six rockfish species (Sebastes) is of particular concern. Trade-offs are inherent in this multispecies fishery because there is limited capacity to target species individually. From population models and catch of 34 stocks of bottom fish, we calculated the relation between harvest rate, long-term yield (i.e., total weight of fish caught), profit, and depletion of each species. In our models, annual ecosystem-wide yield from all 34 stocks was maximized with an overall 5.4% harvest rate, but profit was maximized at a 2.8% harvest rate. When we reduced harvest rates to the level (2.2% harvest rate) at which no stocks collapsed (<10% of unfished levels), biomass harvested was 76% of the maximum sustainable yield and profit 89% of maximum. A harvest rate under which no stocks fell below the biomass that produced maximum sustainable yield (1% harvest rate), resulted in 45% of potential yield and 67% of potential profit. Major reductions in catch in the late 1990s led to increase in the biomass of the most depleted stocks, but this rebuilding resulted in the loss of >30% of total sustainable yield, whereas yield lost from stock depletion was 3% of total sustainable yield. There are clear conservation benefits to lower harvest rates, but avoiding overfishing of all stocks in a multispecies fishery carries a substantial cost in terms of lost yield and profit.     

Telomere dynamics in the Sydney rock oyster (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccostrea glomerata</Emphasis>): an investigation into the effects of age,tissue type,location and time of sampling

Telomere length has been purported as a biomarker for age and could offer a non-lethal method for determining the age of wild-caught individuals. Molluscs, including oysters and abalone, are the basis of important fisheries globally and have been problematic to accurately age. To determine whether telomere length could provide an alternative means of ageing molluscs, we evaluated the relationship between telomere length and age using the commercially important Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata). Telomere lengths were estimated from tissues of known age individuals from different age classes, locations and at different sampling times. Telomere length tended to decrease with age only in young oysters less than 18 months old, but no decrease was observed in older oysters aged 2–4 years. Regional and temporal differences in telomere attrition rates were also observed. The relationship between telomere length and age was weak, however, with individuals of identical age varying significantly in their telomere length making it an imprecise age biomarker in oysters.     

Turbinaria ornata as an herbivory refuge for associate algae

Habitat associations are an integral part of coral reef community structure. Commonly, one organism lives in such close association within or near another that a spatial refuge occurs, whereby one of the organisms provides protection to the other. This is often the result of defenses of the host deterring an associate organism’s consumers. In Moorea, French Polynesia, the range and abundance of the brown macroalga, Turbinaria ornata, have increased drastically since 1980 such that dense aggregations of this macroalga are a dominant component of the backreef habitat. Turbinaria ornata is both mechanically and chemically defended from herbivores. Other species of macroalgae grow within aggregations of Turbinaria and may benefit from these defenses. This study investigates whether aggregations of Turbinaria create a refuge from herbivory for associate macroalgae. When Turbinaria aggregations were removed experimentally, there was a significant increase in the number of associate algal species. Moreover, an herbivory assay using the palatable local alga Acanthophora spicifera identified herbivory as the mechanism for lower diversity on bommies lacking Turbinaria aggregations. The local increase in algal richness due to the refuge from herbivory afforded by Turbinaria may be an important contribution to macroalgal and community dynamics on reefs in Moorea, French Polynesia.     

Photochemical reaction of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: effect by solvent and structure

Photochemical degradation of 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, 2,7-dinitrofluorene, 6-nitrochrysene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 5-nitroacenaphthene, and 9-nitroanthracene was examined in CHCl₃, CH₂Cl₂, DMF, DMF/H₂O (80/20), CH₃CN, or CH₃CN/H₂O (80/20). The degradation mostly follows the first order kinetics; but a few follow second order kinetics or undergo self-catalysis. The photodegradation rates follow the order: CHCl₃ > CH₂Cl₂ > DMF > DMF/H₂O > CH₃CN > CH₃CN/H₂O. DMF is an exceptional solvent because three of the seven compounds undergo self-catalytic reaction. 9-Nitroanthracene, which has a perpendicular nitro group, is the fastest, while the more compact 1-nitropyrene and 3-nitrofluoranthene are the slowest degrading compounds.