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101.
Quantifying species recovery and conservation success to develop an IUCN Green List of Species 下载免费PDF全文
H. Resit Akçakaya Elizabeth L. Bennett Thomas M. Brooks Molly K. Grace Anna Heath Simon Hedges Craig Hilton‐Taylor Michael Hoffmann David A. Keith Barney Long David P. Mallon Erik Meijaard E.J. Milner‐Gulland Ana S.L. Rodrigues Jon Paul Rodriguez P.J. Stephenson Simon N. Stuart Richard P. Young 《Conservation biology》2018,32(5):1128-1138
Stopping declines in biodiversity is critically important, but it is only a first step toward achieving more ambitious conservation goals. The absence of an objective and practical definition of species recovery that is applicable across taxonomic groups leads to inconsistent targets in recovery plans and frustrates reporting and maximization of conservation impact. We devised a framework for comprehensively assessing species recovery and conservation success. We propose a definition of a fully recovered species that emphasizes viability, ecological functionality, and representation; and use counterfactual approaches to quantify degree of recovery. This allowed us to calculate a set of 4 conservation metrics that demonstrate impacts of conservation efforts to date (conservation legacy); identify dependence of a species on conservation actions (conservation dependence); quantify expected gains resulting from conservation action in the medium term (conservation gain); and specify requirements to achieve maximum plausible recovery over the long term (recovery potential). These metrics can incentivize the establishment and achievement of ambitious conservation targets. We illustrate their use by applying the framework to a vertebrate, an invertebrate, and a woody and an herbaceous plant. Our approach is a preliminary framework for an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Green List of Species, which was mandated by a resolution of IUCN members in 2012. Although there are several challenges in applying our proposed framework to a wide range of species, we believe its further development, implementation, and integration with the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species will help catalyze a positive and ambitious vision for conservation that will drive sustained conservation action. 相似文献
102.
Verkerk Pieter J. Lindner Marcus Pérez-Soba Marta Paterson James S. Helming John Verburg Peter H. Kuemmerle Tobias Lotze-Campen Hermann Moiseyev Alexander Müller Daniel Popp Alexander Schulp Catharina J. E. Stürck Julia Tabeau Andrzej Wolfslehner Bernhard van der Zanden Emma H. 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(3):817-830
Regional Environmental Change - Plausible scenarios of future land use derived from model projections may differ substantially from what is actually desired by society, and identifying such... 相似文献
103.
Clément Feger Laurent Mermet Bhaskar Vira Prue F.E. Addison Richard Barker Frank Birkin John Burns Stuart Cooper Denis Couvet Thomas Cuckston Gretchen C. Daily Colin Dey Louise Gallagher Rosemary Hails Stephen Jollands Georgina Mace Emily Mckenzie Markus Milne Paolo Quattrone Alexandre Rambaud Shona Russell Marta Santamaria William J. Sutherland 《Conservation biology》2019,33(4):972-975
Article impact statement: New collaborations with accounting research can improve conservation impact of ecosystem-based information systems. 相似文献
104.
105.
Grant M. Casady Willem J. D. van Leeuwen Stuart E. Marsh 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2010,15(5):295-307
Vegetation regeneration in post-fire environments varies across the landscape of a burned area. Variations are caused by interacting
factors, including soil properties, vegetation characteristics, hydrology, land management history, and burn severity. While
many of these factors have been explored previously, few studies have investigated the combination of multiple factors. A
time-series of the remotely sensed enhanced vegetation index data has been analyzed to estimate rates of regeneration across
a burn in central Arizona. We used regression trees to evaluate post-fire vegetation response as a function of multiple factors.
Regeneration was a function of elevation (likely a proxy for moisture availability), burn severity, pre-burn vegetation, and
post-burn management activities. Both time-series vegetation data and regression trees were valuable tools for determining
dominant interacting factors responsible for variations in post-fire regeneration. Evaluation of the time-series data and
modeled post-fire vegetation permitted the interpretation of management actions across the burned area. 相似文献
106.
Most species of benthic marine invertebrates have a single mode of larval development. Poecilogonous species are those that
produce more than one type of larval offspring. Reports of variable development within one species, especially in combination
with widely differing ecological habitat, are frequently attributed to cryptic species. The spionid polychaete Boccardia proboscidea Hartman, 1940 exhibits development that varies both within a single brood and among broods produced by different females.
Some females have planktotrophic development and produce many small larvae with a 2 week planktonic period before metamorphosis.
Other females produce broods containing both planktotrophic larvae as well as nurse-egg-ingesting (adelphophagic) offspring
that hatch as juveniles. Molecular analysis (RAPD-PCR) showed that a significant proportion of genetic variance is attributable
to geographic origin, and not to developmental type. Adults of both developmental types showed no consistent differences in
taxonomically important features (e.g. type and arrangement of chaetae, modified fifth setiger, caruncle, branchiae, pygidium)
when examined with SEM. These data support the hypothesis that developmental variability in this species is a case of poecilogony,
and is not attributable to cryptic species.
Received: 21 April 1998 / Accepted: 20 April 1999 相似文献
107.
Richard A. Phillips Rona A. R. McGill Deborah A. Dawson Stuart Bearhop 《Marine Biology》2011,158(10):2199-2208
Considerable attention has focused on inter- and intraspecific variation in trophic niches of marine predators. Although this
has revealed evidence for sexual segregation in distribution in some species, few studies have been able to address sex-related
dietary specialisation. Stable isotope analysis of blood cells collected from albatrosses and petrels at South Georgia during
chick-rearing indicated a difference in δ13C, suggesting that females fed to the north of males, only in two species with male-biased sexual size dimorphism; in no species
did sexes differ in trophic level (δ15N). Based on a wider review, significant differences between sexes in isotope signatures were much more common in seabirds
during the pre-laying or breeding than the nonbreeding period, presumably reflecting greater between-sex partitioning of resources
when foraging ranges are more constrained and competition is greater. Sex differences, or their absence, were usually consistent
across successive stages during the pre-laying and breeding periods, but not necessarily year-round nor between populations.
Significant differences in isotope signatures between males and females were extremely rare in monomorphic species, suggesting
a link between sexual size dimorphism and segregation in diet or distribution. Among the Southern Ocean albatrosses, sex differences
in δ13C suggested the underlying mechanism was related to habitat specialisation, whereas in other size-dimorphic taxa (both male-
and female-biased), sex differences were more common in δ15N than δ13C and therefore more consistent with size-mediated competitive exclusion or dietary specialisation. 相似文献
108.
Stuart J. Day John N. Carras Robyn Fry David J. Williams 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,166(1-4):529-541
Spontaneous combustion and low-temperature oxidation of waste coal and other carbonaceous material at open-cut coal mines are potentially significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the magnitude of these emissions is largely unknown. In this study, emissions from spontaneous combustion and low-temperature oxidation were estimated for six Australian open-cut coal mines with annual coal production ranging from 1.7 to more than 16 Mt. Greenhouse emissions from all other sources at these mines were also estimated and compared to those from spontaneous combustion and low-temperature oxidation. In all cases, fugitive emission of methane was the largest source of greenhouse gas; however, in some mines, spontaneous combustion accounted for almost a third of all emissions. For one mine, it was estimated that emissions from spontaneous combustion were around 250,000 t CO2-e per annum. The contribution from low-temperature oxidation was generally less than about 1% of the total for all six mines. Estimating areas of spoil affected by spontaneous combustion by ground-based surveys was prone to under-report the area. Airborne infrared imaging appears to be a more reliable method. 相似文献
109.
An assessment of Spain's Programa AGUA and its implications for sustainable water management in the province of Almería, southeast Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Spain's Programa AGUA was proposed in 2004 as a replacement for the Spanish National Hydrological Plan and represented a fundamental policy shift in national water management from large inter-basin water transfers to a commitment to desalination. Twenty-one desalination facilities are planned for six provinces on the Spanish Mediterranean coast to supplement their water needs. These include the province of Almería that for the last 30 years has endured a net water abstraction overdraft leading to serious reservoir depletion and groundwater imbalances. Rising water use is a result of increasing demand to support irrigated agriculture (e.g. greenhouse horticulture) and for domestic needs (e.g. rapid urban growth and tourism development), which has led observers to question Almería's long-term water sustainability. Desalinated water alone is unlikely to be sufficient to make up these water deficits and water-users will have to accept a move to full-price water recovery by 2010 under the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive of which Spain is a signatory. Anticipated water efficiencies resulting from higher water tariffs, increasing water reuse and water infrastructure improvements (including inter-basin transfers), in conjunction with increasing use of desalinated water, are expected to address the province's current water overdraft. However, Almería will need to balance its planned initiatives against long-term estimates of projected agricultural and domestic development and the environmental consequences of adopting a desalination-supported water future. 相似文献
110.
Conflicting demands on detoxification pathways influence how common brushtail possums choose their diets 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Most herbivores eat more and survive better when they have access to a variety of foods. One explanation involves the detoxification of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). By feeding from a variety of plants that contain different classes of PSMs, animals can use multiple detoxification pathways and presumably consume more food. Although popular, this theory is difficult to test because it requires knowledge of the detoxification pathways of each PSM in the diet. We established that common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) use various combinations of oxidation, hydrolysis, and conjugation with glucuronic acid (GA) or glycine to detoxify six PSMs. Compared to their ingestion of a single PSM, possums ate more when offered a choice between two diets containing PSMs that require apparently independent detoxification pathways (benzoate and 1,8-cineole, benzoate and p-cymene, benzoate and orcinol, benzoate and salicin, or orcinol and 1,8-cineole). However, possums still did not eat as much of these diets as they did of a basal diet free of PSMs. This suggests that detoxification pathways are never independent, but are separated instead by degrees. In contrast, possums offered a choice of two PSMs that require competing detoxification pathways (1,8-cineole and p-cymene, 1,8-cineole and salicin, or orcinol and salicin) ate no more than when offered diets containing one of the compounds. There was an exception: even though both rutin and orcinol are detoxified via conjugation with GA, the feeding behavior of possums did not suggest competition for detoxification pathways. This implies that the supply of GA is not limiting. This study provides the first convincing evidence that herbivorous mammals can eat more by selecting mixed diets with a diversity of PSMs that make full use of their detoxification potential. It also emphasizes that other behavioral and physiological factors, such as transient food aversions, influence feeding behavior. 相似文献