Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality, China

Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.     

Isolation and characterization of a bacterial strain that efficiently degrades sex steroid hormones

A bacterial strain, ZY3, growing on sex steroid hormones as the sole source of carbon and energy was isolated from the sewage treatment plant of a prophylactic steroids factory. ZY3 degrades the 3-methoxy-17β-hydroxy-1,3,5(10),8(9)-δ-4-estren (MHE). This strain was preliminarily identified as Raoultella sp. ZY3 according to its morphology and its 16S rRNA gene sequence. During the experimental period (72 h), the optimum temperature, pH and 3-MHE concentration for the degradation of hydride by the strain ZY3 were 35°C, 10 and 10 mg/L, respectively. The degradation rate of the sex steroid hormones increased to 87% and 85% after the addition of maltose and peptone, respectively.     

氧化铈在非贵金属燃烧催化剂中热稳定性的研究

本文考察了Ｃｅ含量对提高催化剂的热稳定性的作用，并采用Ｘ－射线衍射分析Ｃｅ含量对催化剂活性组成的影响。结果表明，合适的Ｃｅ含量能够提高催化剂的热稳定性，这主要是氧化铈能够阻止ＮｉＣｏ２Ｏ４相的生成，而ＮｉＣｏ２Ｏ４的生成对本系列催化剂的燃烧活性是不利的。实验还表明，在空气气氛下有利于形成ＮｉＣｏ２Ｏ４相，在Ｎ２／Ｈ２Ｏ气氛中不利于ＮｉＣｏ２Ｏ４相的生成。     

CO2加氢低压合成甲醇CuO—ZnO催化剂性能的研究

本文详细论述了CuO-ZnO的特性与沉淀过程中pH值变化、沉淀剂种类、沉淀剂的加料方式和催化剂的热处理条件,以及活化气氛等因素之间的相互关系,实验中运用了XRD,BET,XPS等测试手段,对催化剂的结构及其表面性质进行了深入探讨,得到了催化剂的最佳含量组成和催化剂活性组份可能的存在状态。     

我国环境生态系统演变趋势

本文在对气候变化与环境生态系统现状进行了广泛调查的基础上，结合国内学者的研究，对近五年我国环境生态系统的演变趋势作了系统的回顾，并提出了保护我国生态系统的对策。     

城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术试验研究

对城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术与传统垃圾填埋技术进行了对比试验,由试验结果可知,半好氧生物反应器填埋技术可缩短填埋垃圾产酸时间,净化渗滤液,加速填埋垃圾稳定化进程.城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术是中国中小城市垃圾填埋处理的发展方向.     

因子分析及其在河网水质综合评价中的应用研究

对因子分析方法在天然水体水质评价中的应用进行研究,证明在数据较为缺乏的情况下,使用因子分析方法可以损失较少信息,减少评价指标,针对主因子进行分析,使水质评价结果更为合理和有效。同时,利用因子的得分值还可以将不同地区进行比较分析。应用因子分析对河网地区典型河流的水质状况进行分析,发现了增长潜力较大的主要因子,并对该地区的水质状况做出了符合实际的总体评价,表明因子分析在水质评价中具有重要应用价值。     

Control of ozone precursors in a complex industrial terrain by using multiscale-nested air quality models with fine spatial resolution (1 km2)

The location of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula (NEIP) in the northwestern Mediterranean basin, the presence of the Pyrenees mountain range (with altitudes > 3000 m), and the influence of the Mediterranean Sea and the large valley canalization of Ebro river induce an extremely complicated structure for the dispersion of photochemical pollutants. Air pollution studies in very complex terrains such as the NEIP require high-resolution modeling for resolving the very complex dynamics of flows. To deal with the influence of larger-scale transport, however, high-resolution models have to be nested in larger models to generate appropriate initial and boundary conditions for the finer resolution domains. This article shows the results obtained through the utilization of the MM5-EMICAT2000-CMAQ multiscale-nested air quality model relating the sensitivity regimes for ozone (O3)-nitrogen oxides (NOx)-volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in an area of high geographical complexity, like the industrial area of Tarragona, located in the NEIP. The model was applied with fine temporal (one-hour) and spatial resolution (cells of 24 km, 2 km, and 1 km) to represent the chemistry and transport of tropospheric O3 and other photochemical species with respect to different hypothetical scenarios of emission controls and to quantify the influence of different emission sources in the area. Results indicate that O3 chemistry in the industrial domain of Tarragona is strongly sensitive to VOCs; the higher percentages of reduction for ground-level O3 are achieved when reducing by 25% the emissions of industrial VOCs. On the contrary, reductions in the industrial emissions of NOx contribute to a strong increase in hourly peak levels of O3. At the same time, the contribution of on-road traffic and biogenic emissions to ground-level O3 concentrations in the area is negligible with respect to the pervasive weight of industrial sources. This analysis provides an assessment of the effectiveness of different policies for the control of emission of precursors by comparing the modeled results for different scenarios.     

Ecotoxicity prediction using mechanism- and non-mechanism-based QSARs: a preliminary study

In ecotoxicology, mechanism-based quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are usually developed with higher quality than QSARs without regard to toxicity mechanism. Correctly determining the mechanism of a compound, which is not always easy, is required to use mechanism-based QSARs for toxicity prediction. The mechanism determination step may introduce extra errors in addition to the intrinsic prediction errors of mechanism-based QSARs, thus compromising these QSARs' performance compared with QSARs regardless of mechanism. In this study, the mechanism identification-toxicity prediction (MI-TP) approach was compared with the direct toxicity prediction (DTP) approach using a data set containing phenol toxicity to Tetrahymena pyriformis. A statistical mechanism classification model for mechanism prediction, four mechanism-based QSARs and a single QSAR without discriminating between mechanisms were developed for toxicity prediction. Toxicity of phenols in an external data set was predicted following the MI-TP and DTP approaches. Results indicated that the mechanisms of several phenols in the external test set were incorrectly predicted which led to significant over- or under-estimation of their toxicity. Overall, the MI-TP approach did not yield more accurate toxicity prediction than the DTP approach.     

采用正交实验优化湿热法处理厨余垃圾的工艺条件

实验采用3因素3水平的正交实验设计方法,研究了湿热法处理厨余垃圾并使其饲料化的加工工艺中,时间、温度、加水量对厨余垃圾饲用价值的影响,选取粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙和盐分为评价指标,确定反应的最佳工艺条件.实验结果表明,反应的最佳工艺条件为温度100℃、加水量50%、反应时间30 min.