Socio-economic Comparison Between Traditional and Improved Cultivation Methods in Agroforestry Systems, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

The East Usambara Mountains, recognized as one of the 25 most important biodiversity hot spots in the world, have a high degree of species diversity and endemism that is threatened by increasing human pressure on resources. Traditional slash and burn cultivation in the area is no longer sustainable. However, it is possible to maintain land productivity, decrease land degradation, and improve rural people’s livelihood by ameliorating cultivation methods. Improved agroforestry seems to be a very convincing and suitable method for buffer zones of conservation areas. Farmers could receive a reasonable net income from their farm with little investment in terms of time, capital, and labor. By increasing the diversity and production of already existing cultivations, the pressure on natural forests can be diminished. The present study shows a significant gap between traditional cultivation methods and improved agroforestry systems in socio-economic terms. Improved agroforestry systems provide approximately double income per capita in comparison to traditional methods. More intensified cash crop cultivation in the highlands of the East Usambara also results in double income compared to that in the lowlands. However, people are sensitive to risks of changing farming practices. Encouraging farmers to apply better land management and practice sustainable cultivation of cash crops in combination with multipurpose trees would be relevant in improving their economic situation in the relatively short term. The markets of most cash crops are already available. Improved agroforestry methods could ameliorate the living conditions of the local population and protect the natural reserves from human disturbance.     

Wastewater treatment with multilayer media of waste and natural indigenous materials

Wastewater treatment using waste materials (refuse concrete, waste paper and charcoal) and natural indigenous rocks (andesite, limestone, granite and nitrolite) in the form of multilayer media was investigated. The removal of suspended solids (SS), phosphate ion, nitrate ion, ammonium ion, toxic metals and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were evaluated for the multilayer wastewater treatment system. Effective removal of heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, mercury and lead was demonstrated. SS and phosphate ion were removed with relatively high efficiency and the COD after treatment was lessened using certain combinations of media. The present wastewater treatment system is simple, convenient and low cost. Therefore, this method can be applied in small scale plants for wastewater treatment in local and nonexclusive areas.     

Techniques for accuracy assessment of tree locations extracted from remotely sensed imagery

Remotely sensed imagery is becoming a common source of environmental data. Consequently, there is an increasing need for tools to assess the accuracy and information content of such data. Particularly when the spatial resolution of imagery is fine, the accuracy of image processing is determined by comparisons with field data. However, the nature of error is more difficult to assess. In this paper we describe a set of tools intended for such an assessment when tree objects are extracted and field data are available for comparison. These techniques are demonstrated on individual tree locations extracted from an IKONOS image via local maximum filtering. The locations of the extracted trees are compared with field data to determine the number of found and missed trees. Aspatial and spatial (Voronoi) analysis methods are used to examine the nature of errors by searching for trends in characteristics of found and missed trees. As well, analysis is conducted to assess the information content of found trees.     

对物质摩尔浓度表示方法及在环境监测分析中应用的讨论

对物质摩尔浓度表示方法及在环境监测分析中应用的讨论黄彩海,陈花果（陕西省环境监测中心站,西安７１００６１）（西安公路学院环境工程研究所,西安７１００６４）自摩尔和摩尔浓度法定为化学计量、计算的基本单位以后,一切论文、著作和正式出版物等,其有关化学物质...     

全球液化石油气运输网络贸易社区特征及其演化分析

液化石油气在全球清洁能源消耗市场中扮演着极为重要的角色,其通过船舶在不同港口之间进行运输,而港口之间通过局部密集的运输关系,形成了联系极为紧密的贸易社区。采用复杂网络社区探测方法,基于2013—2017年全球液化石油气船舶轨迹大数据构建运输网络,并对其贸易社区特征及其演化趋势开展分析。结果表明:(1)液化石油气(Liquefied Petroleum Gas,LPG)贸易社区内的港口之间的联系更加紧密,不同社区内的枢纽港口联系也日益紧密;(2)各个贸易社区的规模呈现出增长趋势,且同一社区内的港口在地理空间上变得更为集聚;(3)亚太地区、中东、西北欧和地中海地区形成的社区在全球LPG贸易中一直保持着重要地位,而随着时间推移,美洲社区已逐渐从一个相对孤立的社区发展成为与其他社区存在紧密联系的社区。     

江河水质监测断面优化布设方法

江河水质监测断面应掌控水质的时空变化规律.数理统计分析方法可以发现一条河流上现有水质监测断面是否存在功能相似的邻近断面,水环境数值模拟方法可以近似地展现一条河流任意位置的水质情况,二者结合即可解决缺乏实测数据的河流水质监测断面优化布设问题.以我国某条大河为研究实例,运用物元分析法、模糊聚类分析法以及一维水环境数值模型结合物元分析法研究其水质断面优化问题.研究发现该河现有15个监测断面需要去除2个,同时需要增设2个新的水质监测断面.通过实地调查,该优化方法很好地解决了河流水质监测断面的合理布设问题.     

MoO3掺杂WO3催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

采用低温水热法制备掺杂MoO3的WO3粉体,利用XRD,XPS,DRS和PL光谱对产物进行表征,以太阳光为光源对番红花红T溶液进行光催化降解研究.结果表明:MoO3掺杂含量为10%的WO3粉体对番红花红T溶液的脱色率为89.65%,COD去除率为88.9%.借助DRS和PL光谱分析结果,初步探讨了MoO3掺杂WO3粉体对番红花红T光催化降解的过程与机理.     

水源水中典型除草剂禾大壮与莠灭净突发污染的应急处理

针对被典型除草剂禾大壮与莠灭净污染原水的应急处理工艺进行了研究.结果表明,活性炭吸附和预氯化是有效去除禾大壮和莠灭净的2种措施.拟二级动力学模型和Freundlich吸附等温线模型可分别较好地描述粉末活性炭对原水中禾大壮和莠灭净的吸附过程和吸附平衡.40 mg/L的粉末活性炭可将浓度为200ìg/L的禾大壮或莠灭净污染完全去除,粉末活性炭的最佳投加位置是混凝前20 min,颗粒活性炭柱(高20 cm)对2种农药的去除效果都较为显著,可以作为粉末活性炭的有效补充保证一定的安全系数.有效氯投加量为2.5 mg/L时虽然也可将2种农药氧化去除,但生成的产物及其毒性有待于进一步研究.粉末活性炭与1 mg/L的KMnO4预氧化联用并没有提高禾大壮和莠灭净的去除效果,粉末活性炭与1.5 mg/L的Cl2联用的去除效果与二者投加顺序有关.当浓度均为200 ìg/L左右的禾大壮与莠灭净同时污染原水时,粉末活性炭的投加量增至50 mg/L可将它们完全去除,Cl2的用量提高至3 mg/L可将它们全部氧化.     

化学耗氧量测定方法研究

化学耗氧量,通常被作为衡量有机物相对含量的综合性指标。对于河流和工业废水的研究,污水处理厂的处理效果评价来说,它是一个重要而易于获得的参数。 COD的定量方法随氧化剂的种类、氧化反应的温度及时间等条件的不同而出现不同结果。另外,在一定条件下,也会因有机物的种类与浓度的不同使氧化程度也不同。     

红枫湖水库水体富营养化及浮游植物群落结构特征

2008-2009年通过对红枫湖水库浮游植物及环境因子进行采样调查,并运用综合营养状态指数对红枫湖水库营养状态进行评价.研究结果显示,红枫湖水库浮游植物全年以蓝藻、绿藻为主的优势种群落,且在2008-2009年经常性局部发生蓝藻水华:冬、春季节主要是水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)的蓝藻水华;夏季主要是微囊藻属(Microcystis)蓝藻水华;秋季浮游植物主要是颗粒直链藻(Melosira)和小环藻属(Cyclotella)为主的硅藻类群,未出现水华现象.通过综合营养状态指数计算得红枫湖水库水体水质处于富营养化状态.