生物菌剂对石油污染土壤生物修复作用的研究

在实验室条件下,研究了生物菌剂的投加量、投加方式及环境温度对石油污染土壤的修复作用 结果表明,土壤中石油烃的降解效果与生物菌剂的投加量呈正相关,当生物菌剂投加量为0.6mg·kg^-1时,修复,48 d 后,石油烃的降解率为87%.GC-MS分析结果表明,石油污染原土中烷烃的含量最高为82.1%其次为烯烃,含量为16%,还含有少量的胡萝卜烷、烷基萘、甾烷和藿烷% 添加生物菌剂修复40 d 后,峰的数量由32个减少为14个,表明异构烷烃、烯烃、胡萝卜烷全部被降解,残留的物质为较难降解的正构烷烃、藿烷和甾烷,呈现前高后低的峰形,即接种细菌优先降解高碳组分,将长链的烷烃降解为短链的烷烃,随着生物菌剂投加量的增加,土壤中残留石油烃的含量逐渐降低% 一次加入生物菌剂修复,48 d后的峰高明显低于分2 次加入的相应值,故一次性全部加入生物菌剂是最佳的投加方式% 温度是限制石油污染土壤生物修复的重要环境因素,当温度为30℃第,48 d 的降解率可达80%,当温度为20℃,第,48 d的降解率可达60%,温度高有利于土壤中石油烃的降解,加快修复     

嗜热菌株AT07-1的分离鉴定及其在污泥溶解预处理厌氧发酵产氢中的应用

从湖南大学花园土壤中采集样品,用稀释涂布法分离和纯化适于污泥溶解的典型嗜热菌菌株,从中选出一株高效菌进行形态观察,并对其进行生理生化鉴定.结果表明,该菌株的革兰氏染色为阳性,呈细杆状,产芽孢,为好氧或兼性需氧细菌,最适生长温度为65℃,最适生长pH值为6.8~7.5.通过16SrDNA碱基测序和对比证实,该菌株是目前尚未报道过的一株嗜热菌,GenBank中注册命名为Bacillus thermophilic bacteria AT071(注册号:FJ231108).同时,将其纯种菌用于嗜热酶溶解（solubilization by thermophilic enzyme,S-TE）污泥稳定化处理,接种该嗜热菌可促进污泥中悬浮固体的溶解,2.5d时接种试验挥发性悬浮固体 (volatile suspended solid,VSS)溶解率达到59.41%,比不接种试验同期提高了25.58%,达到了EPA规定的污泥稳定化要求.进一步对经AT071预处理的污泥厌氧产氢效果进行研究,试验结果显示,接种处理后污泥发酵产氢效果良好,高出未接种处理（65℃热处理）污泥26.4%,发酵气体中只含有H2和CO2.     

Error Assessment for Height Above the Nearest Drainage Inundation Mapping

Real‐time flood inundation mapping is vital for emergency response to help protect life and property. Inundation mapping transforms rainfall forecasts into meaningful spatial information that can be utilized before, during, and after disasters. While inundation mapping has traditionally been conducted on a local scale, automated algorithms using topography data can be utilized to efficiently produce flood maps across the continental scale. The Height Above the Nearest Drainage method can be used in conjunction with synthetic rating curves (SRCs) to produce inundation maps, but the performance of these inundation maps needs to be assessed. Here we assess the accuracy of the SRCs and calculate statistics for comparing the SRCs to rating curves obtained from hydrodynamic models calibrated against observed stage heights. We find SRCs are accurate enough for large‐scale approximate inundation mapping while not as accurate when assessing individual reaches or cross sections. We investigate the effect of terrain and channel characteristics and observe reach length and slope predict divergence between the two types of rating curves, and SRCs perform poorly for short reaches with extreme slope values. We propose an approach to recalculate the slope in Manning’s equation as the weighted average over a minimum distance and assess accuracy for a range of moving window lengths.     

空间系绳系统安全性研究综述

系绳技术在空间探测与航天技术领域相较于现有空间技术具有很大优势,随着空间系绳技术的快速发展,其安全性越来越得到关注。首先从理论研究及空间试验两方面对系绳系统安全性的研究现状进行了总结,分析了空间试验的失败原因。其次,详细描述了影响系绳系统安全性的几个因素——空间环境、系绳材料、编制结构、涂层材料及释放机构的设计。最后提出了提升系绳系统安全性的方法,并对系绳系统安全性的研究热点及发展趋势进行了预测。     

复合菌系RXS中木质纤维素降解酶类分析

复合菌系RXS能分泌多种木质纤维素降解酶,为探究这些酶在木薯渣降解中的作用,对RXS的培养时间、酶作用的温度和pH值,以及添加金属离子对酶活性和降解效果的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在培养48 h后,木聚糖酶(Xylanase)、滤纸酶(FPAase)和内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase)酶活性均达到最大值(分别为56.02 U/m L、3.14U/m L和6.78 U/m L),pH=6.0(FPAase和Xylanase的最适pH值)、温度为55℃(FPAase和CMCase酶活性最高)条件下,RXS酶液处理可使木薯渣的失重率达到18.78%,纤维素和半纤维素质量分数分别由31.46%和20.19%下降到22.12%和12.23%。添加Cu~(2+)有效地抑制了酶液中FPAase和Xylanase的酶活性,木薯渣几乎不降解,纤维素和半纤维素组分质量分数基本不发生变化;分别添加Co~(2+)和Zn~(2+)时,对3种酶均有一定程度的抑制,木薯渣失重率仅为3.29%和4.70%;分别添加Fe~(2+)、Mg~(2+)时,FPAase酶活性被抑制,Xylanase与CMCase共同降解底物,木薯渣失重率分别达12.77%和15.81%,纤维素和半纤维素质量分数明显降低。研究表明,Xylanase与CMCase是复合菌系中降解木薯渣的关键酶,其协同作用可使木薯渣有效降解。     

Motorcycle safety among motorcycle taxi drivers and nonoccupational motorcyclists in developing countries: A case study of Maoming,South China

Objective: An increasing number of motorcycle taxis have been involved in traffic crashes in many developing countries. This study examines the characteristics of both motorcycle taxi drivers and nonoccupational motorcyclists, investigates the risks they pose to road safety, and provides recommendations to minimize their risks.

Methods: Based on the data collected from a questionnaire survey of 867 motorcycle taxi drivers and 2,029 nonoccupational motorcyclists in Maoming, South China, comparisons were made to analyze differences of personal attributes, attitudes toward road safety, and self-reported behavior of the 2 groups.

Results: Results of the chi-square tests show that not only motorcycle taxi drivers but also nonoccupational motorcyclists in Maoming held poor attitudes toward road safety and both groups reported unsafe driving behavior. There is much room for improving local road safety education among all motorcyclists in Maoming. Yet, motorcycle taxi drivers were more likely to pose road safety risks than nonoccupational motorcyclists under some circumstances, such as speeding late at night or early in the morning, not requiring passengers to wear helmets, and running a red light. The results of the binary logistic regression model show that possessing a vehicle license for a motorcycle or not was the common significant predictor for unsafe driving behavior of motorcycle taxi drivers and nonoccupational motorcyclists. Therefore, enforcement against all motorcyclists not showing vehicle licenses for their motorcycles should be stepped up.

Conclusion: Motorcycle safety is largely poor in Maoming. Therefore, efforts to improve motorcycle safety should be strengthened by targeting not only motorcycle taxi drivers but also nonoccupational motorcyclists.     

铜绿微囊藻培养过程中氨基酸的释放特征及其对水体有机质的贡献

为深入分析铜绿微囊藻水华暴发对水体有机质、氨基酸含量及组成的影响,进一步揭示蓝藻水华暴发对湖泊内源氨基酸和有机质的贡献及养分循环机制,采集太湖北部富营养化区域梅梁湾中的水样,用于在室内培养太湖蓝藻水华优势种——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa),采用邻苯二甲醛(OPA)柱前衍生-反相高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析铜绿微囊藻生长、衰亡过程中氨基酸的摩尔浓度及其组成特征的变化,探讨藻类产生的氨基酸和有机质对湖泊水体中有机质、TC(总碳)及DTN(溶解性总氮)的贡献. 结果表明:铜绿微囊藻在生长过程中产生的氨基酸对水体中TC、DTN、TOC(总有机碳)的贡献率分别为23%~37%、46%~93%和46%~83%;在衰亡期,水体中难降解氨基酸(如甘氨酸、丝氨酸、丙氨酸和赖氨酸)的摩尔浓度(c)为60.4 μmol/L,显著高于同时期易降解氨基酸(如酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、谷氨酸和精氨酸)的摩尔浓度(40.9 μmol/L);c(D-氨基酸)/c(L-氨基酸)由初始的0.28降至0.09,表明在铜绿微囊藻对数生长至衰亡期间,水体中有机质的降解程度逐渐降低. 研究显示,在水体有机质降解程度降低的同时,氨基酸摩尔浓度逐步增加,因此大量未降解的氨基酸沉积下来成为水体有机质来源之一.      

废旧塑料处置地沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及其生态风险

为了解废旧塑料处置活动对区域水体的影响,采用气相质谱联用仪(GC-MS),对河北省某废旧塑料处置地沉积物中16种PAEs(phthalate esters,邻苯二甲酸酯)的污染特征和生态风险进行了研究. 结果表明:研究样地的w(∑₁₆PAEs)为0.527~102 μg/g, 平均值为18.9 μg/g,其中,DEHP〔邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯〕是PAEs最主要的污染单体,平均占w(∑PAEs)的66.6%. 对该处置地的污染物源分析表明,沉积物中PAEs主要来源于废旧塑料回收利用过程中的环境排放. 沉积物中w(DEHP)(14.2 μg/g)和w(DBP)(1.41 μg/g)(DBP为邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯)均超过各自环境风险限值(ERLs),w(DIBP)(DIBP为邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯)超过了美国华盛顿州颁布的沉积物质量警戒限值(0.610 μg/g). 研究显示,沉积物中DBP对鱼类的生态风险及DEHP对藻类和鱼类的生态风险水平不可接受,应引起足够重视.      

粉煤灰-铝土矿改性制备铝铁复合混凝剂的除磷性能及混凝机理研究

化学混凝法是城市污水处理深度除磷的有效方法,目前常用混凝剂主要存在成本高、除磷效率低且用量大等缺点.本研究采用常压酸浸法,以低成本的铝土矿和粉煤灰为主要原料制备无机复合混凝剂,并对其进行除磷应用及机理研究,结果表明:1自制混凝剂对生活污水中TP去除率达99.58%,出水TP含量为0.012 mg·L-1,优于GB18918—2002一级A标准.2 X-射线衍射和红外光谱结果显示,混凝剂中的Fe—OH、Al—OH、H—OH等基团能与水中的磷酸根作用生成沉淀达到除磷目的,该沉淀在沉降过程中还能吸附不易沉淀的含磷悬浮物,发挥网捕卷扫作用.3采用Ferron逐时络合比色法分析铝铁形态结果显示,混凝剂含有64.14%低聚态铝铁,能中和水中胶体的表面电荷致使胶体脱稳;11.27%中聚态铝铁可吸附在胶体表面,降低其表面电荷,同时以较高的分子量发挥吸附架桥作用;24.59%高聚态铝铁在沉淀过程中可包夹部分胶体粒子,以较大表面积发挥卷扫作用.4分形维数研究结果显示,絮体分形维数在1.2~2.8之间,分形特征较好,能有效发挥絮体的吸附架桥作用.5 Zeta电位分析结果显示,混凝剂本身带正电荷,能与水中带负电荷的胶体物质发生中和,从而压缩双电子层,使胶体粒子脱稳而从水中去除.混凝剂除磷过程是压缩双电层、电中和、吸附架桥和网捕卷扫多种机制共同作用的动态变化过程.