基于3D激光扫描技术的绕腰法采空区资源回收方法研究

针对大多数矿山采空区残留资源回收探测中存在人员、设备进入难,精度低、危险高等问题,我们通过采用三维激光扫描技术恰恰克服了以上困难。应用三维激光自动扫描新技术对采空区进行精密探测,能够安全准确地获取采空区的三维形态和矿石空间分布位置,再通过三维建模软件 Surpac 建立三维可视化实体模型,为回收残留矿石资源提供重要依据;最后通过应用绕腰法综合回收残留矿石,不仅能够减少采准工程量,并把采准与采矿工作很好地结合起来,而且达到了能够高效安全地回采采空区残留矿石目的。工程实例的成功应用,表明此方法在给矿山和国家带来良好的经济社会效益的同时,能够在同类矿山中推广应用。     

Evaluation of acidity in late Permian outcrop coals and its association with endemic fluorosis in the border area of Yunnan,Guizhou, and Sichuan in China

The junction area of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces is the heaviest coal-burning endemic fluorosis zones in China. To better understand the pathogenicity of endemic fluorosis in this area, 87 coal samples from the late Permian outcrop or semi-outcrop coal seams were collected in eight counties of the junction area of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces. The total fluorine and sulfate content, etc. in the coal was determined using combustion-hydrolysis/fluoride-ion-selective electrode method and ion chromatography, respectively. The results show that the total fluorine concentrations in the samples ranged from 44 to 382 µg g^?1, with an average of 127 µg g^?1. The average pH of the coals is 5.03 (1.86–8.62), and the sulfate content varied from 249 to 64,706 µg g^?1 (average 7127 µg g^?1). In addition, the coals were medium- and high-sulfur coals, with sulfur mass fraction ranging from 0.08 to 13.41%. By heating the outcrop coals, HF release from the coal was verified quantitatively without exception, while simulated combustion directly confirmed the release of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). The acid in coal may be in the form of acidic sulfate (\({\text{HSO}}_{4}^{ - }\)/H₂SO₄) because of a positive relationship between pH and \(p\left( {{\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } } \right)\) in the acidic coal. The possible reaction mechanism would be that a chemical reaction between the acid (H₂SO₄ or \({\text{HSO}}_{4}^{ - }\)) and fluorine in the coal occurred, thereby producing hydrogen fluoride (HF), which would be the chemical form of fluorine released from coal under relatively mild conditions. The unique chemical and physical property of HF may bring new insight into the pathogenic mechanism of coal-burning endemic fluorosis. The phenomenon of coal-burning fluorosis is not limited to the study area, but is common in southwest China and elsewhere. Further investigation is needed to determine whether other endemic fluorosis areas are affected by this phenomenon.     

Effects of different endogenous fungi on the mass loss and nutrient content of leaf litter of Cunninghamia lanceolata北大核心CSCD

To explore the role of endophytic fungi in the decomposition of litter, the endophytic fungi Penicillium sp. strain CG2 (A), Fusarium flavum strain AY13 (B), and Talaromyces strain AJ14 (C) of Cunninghamia lanceolata were added to experimental pots in different forms (mycelium, sterilized fermentation broth, single fungus, and mixed fungi), and a control treatment (CK) was set up (no fungi added). At 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after litter decomposition, a study on the decomposition dynamics of C. lanceolata litter under different treatments was performed. The results showed that the rate of leaf mass loss was the highest in the sterilized fermentation broth treatment A after 120 days, and that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the mycelium treatment AC and the control treatment after 60 days (23.97% higher than the control group). On day 60, the litter carbon content from the mycelium treatment A was significantly different from that of the control (P < 0.05), showing a 16.74% lower value, whereas the litter carbon content of the mycelium treatment B was 21.13% lower than that of the control after 90 days. The nitrogen content of the litters of most mycelium and sterilized fermentation broth treatments was increased compared to that of the control group; there was significant difference (P < 0.05) between the sterilized fermentation broth treatment A and the control (P < 0.05), with a 17.05% higher value than that of the control. Similar to nitrogen, the litter phosphorus content also increased; there was a statistically significant difference between the mycelium treatment A and the control group, with treatment A showing a 46.67% higher value than the control group. The potassium content was 28% lower than that of the control group under the sterilized fermentation broth treatment C, a result that was significantly different from that of the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment for 90 days, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen was the lowest under the treatments with the mycelium A and the mycelium B, with values 25.54% and 25.11% lower than that of the control group, respectively, and a statistically significant difference from that of the control group (P < 0.05). The ratio of carbon to phosphorus was the lowest under the treatment with mycelium A after 60 days, and the result was significantly different from that of the control (P < 0.05), with a 43.05% lower value than the control. Thus, the three endophytic fungi had different effects on the mass loss rate and nutrient content of the litter. The Penicillium sp. strain CG2 (A) had statistically significant effects on the mass loss and nutrient content of leaf litter, which was within the range of fungi fertilizer reference values for the breeding of C. lanceolata. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

计及多类约束的安控系统在线校核技术

通过对安控装置运行状态进行实时监视与识别,准确获取安控系统运行状态,对分散的安控系统策略进行结构化统一建模,实现了安控当值策略的快速识别,为离线策略在线校核提供基础数据,并进行了安控系统的静态安全、暂态安全和动态稳定的全面校核。研究结果表明一种计及多类安全稳定约束的安控系统在线校核技术对防止安控系统离线策略控制量不足或者不匹配等情况有很好的指导意义。     

基于HCNAM-BN的化工过程爆炸事故致因链分析

为了从源头上预防化工过程爆炸事故,依据风险耦合理论,探讨了各风险因子非线性耦合演化为爆炸事故的机理,构建了层次耦合网络分析模型（HCNAM）;从多因素风险耦合角度分析了国内外44起典型化工过程爆炸事故,统计了各风险因子之间的耦合概率并进行了耦合致因重要度分级;采用耦合概率与二态分布相结合的条件概率分布,将层次耦合网络分析模型转化为贝叶斯网络,并对氯乙烯单体槽爆炸性混合气体爆炸事故进行了应用研究。结果表明:91种双因子耦合风险状态中,47种呈现弱耦合致因特性;7种因子双耦合形成风险的概率较大;基于HCNAM-BN模型分析事故,可有效辨识事故最可能致因因素,获取各事故致因链的发生概率并确定事故网络关键节点。     

哈尼梯田地区农户粮食作物种植结构及驱动力分析

哈尼稻作梯田系统作为全球重要农业文化遗产（GIAHS）,具有极高的生态、经济、文化价值。近年来,以粮食产量增长为导向的农耕技术和作物品种单一化趋势,给哈尼梯田地区带来了严重的生态和食品安全问题。论文以农户生产行为作为切入点,从主要粮食作物的经济效益、耕地资源特征、村落发展类型、农户的家庭特征与资源禀赋进行实证研究,分析了哈尼梯田地区农户粮食作物种植结构现状及驱动因素。结果表明：1）调查涉及的41.23 hm²有效耕地中,按种植总面积排序,杂交稻、玉米、水果类作物位居前三。2）本地传统粮食作物--梯田红米,种植总面积和户均种植面积远小于经济效益较高的杂交稻和兼有饲料用途的玉米。同时,农户倾向于将其种植在质量较差、海拔较高的耕地上。3）作物的经济效益和耕地海拔及质量对替代性作物（如杂交稻和红米）的种植选择影响较大;个体农户层面上,农户特征与资源禀赋在不同程度上对不同作物的种植选择产生影响。     

实物型水资源资产负债表表式结构设计

论文在阐述资产负债表基本概念和原理的基础上,遵循会计恒等式、复式记账规则和权责发生制的记账基础,结合我国水资源管理的实际,提出了基于会计学的水权益实体水资源资产负债表表式结构和基于统计学、经济学的国家（地区）水资源资产负债表表式结构,从而实现能够反映水权益实体之间和经济体与环境之间关于水资源资产的债务债权关系的水资源资产核算,实现国家和行政区层面的水资源资产负债核算,为生态文明体系建设、自然资源资产核算、领导干部离任审计考核等提供必要的基础信息,也为进一步完善水资源资产负债表账户体系奠定基础。     

基于统计的百花湖表层水中重金属分布特征

以云贵高原深水湖泊百花湖为研究对象,研究其表层水中9种重金属(As,Hg,Cd,Pb,Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn和Cr)的分布特征并开展溯源研究. 结果表明:各采样点之间重金属含量变化较大,变异系数为5.6%～147%,同一采样点水质中重金属元素含量变化顺序为Fe>Mn>Cr>Zn>Cu>As>Pb>Hg>Cd;地统计分析从空间角度表明百花湖不同水域重金属含量分布差异较大;ρ(Ca)与ρ(Cu),ρ(Pb)的相关系数(R2)分别为-0.771(P<0.01)和-0.692(P<0.05);主成分分析揭示了该湖泊水体重金属含量主要受4个因素的影响(分别解释了总因子的33.88%,19.32%,18.02%和11.81%),其中一些重金属同时受2个以上主成分因素的影响;聚类分析将这9种重金属归为4类,Fe单独为一类,Cd,Pb,Hg,As和Cu为一类,Zn,Cr为一类,Mn独自为一类. 地统计分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析的应用使得影响因素复杂的水环境问题的研究相对简单化.      

南宁城市内河水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药分布特征

采用改进的固相萃取、加速溶剂萃取和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器,对广西壮族自治区南宁5条城市内河的水体和表层沉积物样品中7种痕量有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况进行了分析测定. 结果表明,南宁城市内河水体有机氯农药以HCHs为主,ρ(OCPs)为nd～0.141 μg/L. 5个点位沉积物中w(总OCPs)为2.13～2.80 μg/kg,均检出4,4′-DDE和4,4′-DDD,w(DDD)/w(DDE)<1,且DDTs在沉积物中的含量普遍高于HCHs. 各点位沉积物中有机氯农药各组分含量均低于美国环境保护署采用的无毒害风险浓度.      

Cu2+和Cd2+对斑马鱼胚胎早期发育的联合毒性

采用斑马鱼胚胎早期发育技术,测定Cu2+和Cd2+ 2种重金属对胚胎发育的毒性效应. 以24 h致死和72 h胚胎孵化抑制为毒性终点,2种重金属的剂量-效应曲线可用Weibull函数或Logit函数有效描述,由最佳拟合函数计算得出半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)或半数效应浓度(EC₅₀)为毒性效应的评价标准,2个毒性终点的重金属毒性大小顺序均为Cu2+>Cd2+. 应用浓度加和(CA)与独立作用(IA)2种模型,对72 h孵化抑制率的无观测效应浓度(NOEC)配比混合物的联合毒性作用进行了预测,通过混合物试验观测数据的95%置信区间与CA模型和IA模型预测的剂量-效应曲线进行比较分析表明,2种模型都可以有效预测斑马鱼胚胎孵化的联合毒性.