坡地径流与溶质输出研究进展

坡耕地是我国水土流失的重要策源地,也是农业面源污染重要污染源。坡地径流和溶质输出是水土流失及其面源污染的一个重要过程,也是坡地农业生态系统水和物质循环的一个重要过程。坡地水文过程和溶质迁移转化不仅是土壤学近期的重点研究内容,也是需解决的资源环境问题之一。文章从坡地降雨水文过程的地表径流、壤中流和地下径流的输出研究,壤中流模拟研究以及坡地降雨条件下土壤溶质运移模拟等3个方面总结了国内外坡地径流与溶质输出的相关研究结论。同时指出：（1）红壤坡地地表径流、壤中流和地下径流的输出特征及规律还有待进一步研究。（2）对于土壤溶质运移模拟研究,现有成果主要是研究径流和溶质在土壤中的垂向运移,而对其输出过程却很少研究,尤其是坡面径流和土壤溶质分层输出的耦合关系还没有深入的研究。（3）土壤溶质运移理论的研究亟需从封闭的室内土柱试验扩展到野外大田观测,以获取足够的数据资料来确切地描述溶质运移过程,使理论研究与生产实际问题联系得更紧密。（4）同位素方法应用、野外长期定位试验和模拟模型是未来坡地径流与溶质输出研究需加强的几个方面。     

应用脂肪酸甲酯淋洗去除土壤中多环芳烃

针对煤气厂土壤等高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤修复困难的现实,采用易生物降解的新型淋洗剂脂肪酸甲酯淋洗修复高浓度多环芳烃污染的土壤,同时进行了以甲醇、植物油(大豆油)作为淋洗剂的淋洗实验,比较不同淋洗剂的淋洗效果.结果证明脂肪酸甲酯对人工模拟污染土壤中蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)芘的去除率可以达到80%—95%,对煤气厂土壤中多环芳烃的去除效果也非常明显,总多环芳烃的去除率达到41%.脂肪酸甲酯的淋洗效果要优于其它两种淋洗剂.     

硒对菜地土壤镉微区分布及其吸附解吸特性的影响

以南方酸性黄棕壤为研究对象,采用根箱进行小白菜种植,研究了不同剂量的外源硒(0、0.25、1.00 mg·kg-1,以Se计)处理下,小白菜根际与非根际土壤Cd的含量变化;同时,通过Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型进一步分析了经Se(0、0.25、1.00 mg·kg-1)预处理并经历过小白菜生长的根际与非根际土壤对Cd的吸附与解吸特性.结果表明,在Cd含量较低(0.50 mg·kg-1)的土壤中,低剂量的Se处理(0.25 mg·kg-1)根际土壤与非根际土壤的Cd含量均高于Se剂量为0、1.00 mg·kg-1的两个处理;在Cd含量较高(5.00 mg·kg-1)的土壤中,不同剂量的Se处理未能对土壤中Cd含量造成显著差异.通过吸附解吸试验及Langmuir和Freundlich两种吸附模型的模拟,发现根际土壤对Cd的吸附容量和吸附能力均小于非根际土壤,且根际土壤Cd的非专性吸附比率大于非根际土壤,表明小白菜的生长能够改变根际土壤对重金属Cd的吸附解吸特性,增加土壤中Cd的环境风险;然而,在本实验剂量范围内,外源Se预处理并未显著改变小白菜土壤Cd的吸附解吸特性,尚不足以证明Se通过影响小白菜根系分泌物等微域环境进而改变土壤重金属Cd的吸附解吸等环境化学行为.     

基于GIS的区域干旱灾害风险区划研究——以武陵山片区为例

根据灾害系统理论,以连片特困区-武陵山片区干旱灾害为例,分别从孕灾环境敏感性、致灾因子的危险性和承载体的脆弱性3个方面,选取地形地貌、土壤类型、植被覆盖类型、水资源、降雨量、人口密度及耕地面积等指标为旱灾风险评估指标因子,利用熵权法确定各因子权重,建立武陵山片区干旱灾害风险评估模型,并进行风险区划,为武陵山片区区域防灾、减灾和区域扶贫措施的制定提供参考依据。研究结果表明:武陵山片区区域整体处于中、高风险区,空间分布呈东南-西北向条带状分布;东南区域处在干旱灾害高风险区,西北区域处在干旱灾害中等风险区,而东北区域处在相对较低的风险区。     

运动消耗对草鱼幼鱼游泳能力的影响

以草鱼幼鱼（体长80~97 cm,体重96~134 g）为研究对象,采用实验室专利装置研究了不同运动消耗状态下的草鱼幼鱼游泳能力。结果表明：在正常状态下草鱼幼鱼的临界游泳速度[WTBX]（Ucrit）为711±060 BL/s,耗氧率（MO2）与流速（U）方程拟合为MO2=4705+419U123,耗氧率随着流速的增大而增大,且草鱼的有氧运动效率较高。在4种运动消耗状态（06Ucrit、08Ucrit、10Ucrit、12Ucrit）流速下运动1 h草鱼的消耗后临界游泳速度（Upcrit）分别为：725±135、633±06、626±08、560±04 BL/s,临界游泳速度随着前期消耗流速的增大而减小,相应的耗氧率方程拟合为：MO2=38269+465U144,MO2=44526+4223U146,MO2=46611+4790U149,MO2=60034+3883U151。运动消耗会导致草鱼的有氧运动效率降低,同时随着运动消耗速度的增加有氧运动效率随之降低。研究结果认为在设计以草鱼为主要过鱼对象的过鱼设施时,鱼道内的流速不应大于08Ucrit,以使鱼类顺利通过。针对不同过鱼对象游泳特性进行设计的鱼道能够提高鱼类通过鱼道的效率     

环渤海海岸大气微塑料污染时空分布特征与表面形貌

微塑料污染已成为国内外的热点环境问题.目前,针对大气环境中微塑料污染的研究仅在少数地区开展.为比较环渤海沿海城市大气微塑料污染的长周期分布特征,本研究以烟台、天津和大连3个城市为例,于2018年6月—2019年5月进行大气沉降样品的采集,经体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和显微傅里叶红外光谱仪观察,分析了大气微塑料的类型、颜色、粒径、成分、微观形貌及主要成分等特征,并计算了微塑料的大气沉降通量.结果表明,在3个采样点大气沉降样品中共同存在纤维、薄膜、碎片和颗粒4种类型的微塑料,其中绝大部分为纤维类（>90%）.大气沉降微塑料的颜色主要包括透明、蓝色、红色、黑色等;粒径大多<1 mm.大气沉降样品中的微塑料主要成分为赛璐玢（>50%）和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（>30%）,且微塑料表面存在明显风化特征.烟台、天津和大连地区单位面积微塑料年沉降量分别为2.7×10⁴、8.9×10⁴和7.2×10⁴粒·m^-2.研究结果可为环渤海海岸城市大气微塑料污染与防控研究提供科学依据.     

Performance of a water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 m2 was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks’ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 21.78% of total nitrogen (TN) and 23.02% of total phosphorus (TP). Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the di erences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth.We concluded that a water hyacinth system was e ective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.     

Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China

The concentrations of eight heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As） in the intertidal surface sediments from Quanzhou Bay were determined to evaluate their levels and spatial distribution due to urbanization and economic development of Quanzhou region, southeast China. The ranges of the measured concentrations in the sediments are as follows： 24.8-119.7 mg/kg for Cu, 105.5-241.9 mg/kg for Zn, 34.3-100. 9 mg/kg for Pb, 0.28-0. 89 mg/kg for Cd, 51.1-121.7 mg/kg for Cr, 16.1-45.7 mg/kg for Ni, 0.17-0.74 mg/kg for Hg, and 17.7-30.2 mg/kg for As. The overall average concentrations of above metals exceed the primary standard criteria but meet the secondary standard criteria of the Chinese National Standard of Marine Sediment Quality. Several contents of Cu and Hg exceed the secondary standard criteria at some stations. The results of geoaccumulation index （Igeo） show that Cd causes strong pollution in most of the study area. There are no significant correlations among most of these heavy metals, indicating they have different anthropogenic and natural sources. Some locations present severe pollution by heavy metals depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets, aquatic breeding, and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area.     

纳米TiO2的表面改性及在聚氯乙烯中的应用研究

研究了原位乳液共聚合方法制备聚丙烯酸酯/TiO2纳米复合材料及其对PVC抗紫外光老化性能的影响.结果表明,聚丙烯酸酯共聚物P(MMA-BA)包覆在纳米TiO2表面,并与TiO2粒子有较强相互作用;经过1032 h加速老化后,相比未改性配方和有机紫外吸收剂改性配方,复合改性PVC材料的抗紫外光老化性能得到大幅提高,纳米TiO2的质量分数为1.0%的复合材料改性PVC色差值只有5.0,比未改性配方提高近8倍.     

住宅小区景观用水水环境保护应用

随着房地产行业的蓬勃发展，人们对居住环境的要求也越来越高，水景已成为住宅小区环境设计的亮点。结合武汉某住宅小区水环境治理工程的实践，提出住宅小区景观用水水环境治理措施。