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Effects of diurnal variation in phytoplankton photosynthesis on estimating daily primary production (DPP) were examined using field data from Sagami Bay, Japan. DPP at 5 m depth was calculated from the continuous data of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and light intensity monitored by a natural fluorescence sensor with and without considering time-dependent changes in the photosynthesis–irradiance (P–E) relationship. Chl a could be estimated from natural fluorescence examining the variations in the quantum yield of fluorescence (φ
f) and Chl a-specific light absorption coefficient (a*ph), and relating them to Chl a. The P–E relationship was determined by water sampling three times daily. A distinct diurnal pattern was observed for the maximum photosynthetic rate (P*max), being maximal at noon, while periodicity of the maximum light utilization coefficient (α*) was less obvious. The actual DPP was calculated by interpolating the P–E parameters from those obtained at dawn, noon, and dusk. For comparison, DPP was calculated by fixing the P–E parameters as the constants measured at dawn, noon or dusk for a day. The difference from the actual DPP was small when the P–E parameters measured at dawn (3% on average) and noon (5%) were used as the constants for a day. The difference was largest when the values at dusk were used (−43%). The medium values of P*max at dawn, its low values at dusk, and the fact that a major part of the DPP was produced around noon were responsible for these results. The present study demonstrates that measurement of the P–E parameters at dawn or noon can give a good estimation of DPP from natural fluorescence. 相似文献
195.
In the process of metal separation by ash-melting, Fe and Cu in the incineration residue remain in the melting furnace as molten metal, whereas Pb and Zn in the residue are volatilized. This study investigated the effects of the chemical composition of incineration fly ash on the metal-separation efficiency of the ash-melting process. Incineration fly ash with different chemical compositions was melted with bottom ash in a lab-scale reactor, and the efficiency with which Pb and Zn were volatilized preventing the volatilization of Fe and Cu was evaluated. In addition, the behavior of these metals was simulated by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Depending on the exhaust gas treatment system used in the incinerator, the relationships among Na, K, and Cl concentrations in the incineration fly ash differed, which affected the efficiency of the metal separation. The amounts of Fe and Cu volatilized decreased by the decrease in the molar ratio of Cl to Na and K in the ash, promoting metal separation. The thermodynamic simulation predicted that the chlorination volatilization of Fe and Cu was prevented by the decrease in the molar ratio, as mentioned before. By melting incineration fly ash with the low molar ratio in a non-oxidative atmosphere, most of the Pb and Zn in the ash were volatilized leaving behind Fe and Cu. 相似文献
196.
Contamination by arsenic and other trace elements in tube-well water and its risk assessment to humans in Hanoi, Vietnam 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Agusa T Kunito T Fujihara J Kubota R Minh TB Kim Trang PT Iwata H Subramanian A Viet PH Tanabe S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,139(1):95-106
Concentrations of As and other trace elements and their association were examined in groundwater (n = 25) and human hair (n = 59) collected at Gia Lam District and Thanh Tri District, suburban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam, in September 2001. Concentrations of As in the groundwater ranged from <0.10 to 330 microg/l, with about 40% of these exceeding WHO drinking water guideline of 10 microg/l. Also, 76% and 12% of groundwater samples had higher concentrations of Mn and Ba than WHO drinking water guidelines, respectively. Arsenic concentrations in hair of residents in Gia Lam and Thanh Tri Districts (range 0.088-2.77 microg/g dry wt.) were lower than those in other As-contaminated areas of the world, but were higher than those of people in non-contaminated areas. Concentrations of As and Mn in hair of some individuals from the Gia Lam and Thanh Tri Districts exceeded the level associated with their toxicity and, therefore, a potential health risk of As and Mn is a concern for the people consuming the contaminated water in this area. Cumulative As exposure was estimated to be lower than the threshold levels at the present, which might explain the absence of manifestations of chronic As poisoning and arsenicosis in the residents of Gia Lam and Thanh Tri Districts. To our knowledge, this study revealed for the first time that the residents are exposed not only to As but also Mn and Ba from groundwater in the Red River Delta, Vietnam. 相似文献
197.
A novel cell division factor from tobacco 2B-13 cells that induced cell division in auxin-starved tobacco BY-2 cells 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shimizu T Eguchi K Nishida I Laukens K Witters E Van Onckelen H Nagata T 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2006,93(6):278-285
Effects of auxin as plant hormones are widespread; in fact in almost all aspects of plant growth and development auxin plays
a pivotal role. Although auxin is required for propagating cell division in plant cells, its effect upon cell division is
least understood. If auxin is depleted from the culture medium, cultured cells cease to divide. It has been demonstrated in
this context that the addition of auxin to auxin-starved nondividing tobacco BY-2 cells induced semisynchronous cell division.
On the other hand, there are some cell lines, named habituated cells, that can grow without auxin. The cause and reason for
the habituated cells have not been clarified. A habituated cell line named 2B-13 is derived from the tobacco BY-2 cell line,
which has been most intensively studied among plant cell lines. When we tried to find the difference between two cell lines
of BY-2 and 2B-13 cells, we found that the addition of culture filtrated from the auxin-habituated 2B-13 cells induced semisynchronous
cell division in auxin-starved BY-2 cells. The cell division factor (CDF) that is responsible for inducing cell division in
auxin-starved BY-2 cells was purified to near-homogeneity by sequential passage through a hydroxyapatite column, a ConA Sepharose
column and a Sephadex gel filtration column. The resulting purified fraction appeared as a single band of high molecular weight
on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels by silver staining and was able to induce cell division
in auxin-starved BY-2 cells. Identification of the protein by MALD-TOF-MS/MS revealed that it is structurally related to P-glycoprotein
from Gossypioides kirkii, which belongs to ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporters. The significance of CDF as a possible ABC-transporter is discussed
in relationship to auxin–autotrophic growth and auxin-signaling pathway. 相似文献
198.
Abstract Sustainable development is one of the most important ideas, and goals of our time. It is defined as “development which meets the needs and aspirations of the current generation and develops safe and sound society for future generation”. Achieving sustainable development thus involves a vigorous and urgent debate on different dimensions. The different dimensions of sustainability as a framework involve all issues such as science, technology, economic growth and development, health, education, finance investment and trade, politics, natural disasters, population growth and terrorism, etc. No single dimension is responsible to develop sustainable society. This article mainly described the integrated relationship among the three dimensions of sustainability. 相似文献
199.
Takashi Gomi R. Dan Moore Marwan A. Hassan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2005,41(4):877-898
This paper reviews suspended sediment sources and transport in small forest streams in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, particularly in relation to riparian management. Mass movements, reading and yarding practices, and burning can increase the supply of suspended sediment. Sediment yields recovered to pre‐harvest levels within one to six years in several paired catchment studies. However, delayed mass movements related to roads and harvesting may produce elevated suspended sediment yield one or more decades after logging. There is mixed evidence for the role of streamside tree throw in riparian buffers in supplying sediment to streams. Harvesting within the riparian zone may not increase suspended sediment yield if near stream soils are not disturbed. Key knowledge gaps relate to the relative roles of increased transport capacity versus sediment supply, the dynamics of fine sediment penetration into bed sediments, and the effects of forest harvesting on suspended sediment at different scales. Future research should involve nested catchments to examine suspended sediment response to forest practices at multiple spatial scales, in combination with process‐based field studies. 相似文献
200.