PnET-CN模型对东亚森林生态系统碳通量模拟的适用性和不确定性分析

东亚地区森林类型多样,开展区域生态系统碳循环模拟时应考虑森林类型的差异。论文利用基于叶氮浓度-最大净光合作用速率关系的PnET-CN模型,对东亚地区8 个森林生态系统通量观测站点的总生态系统碳交换（GEE）和生态系统呼吸（RE）进行模拟,以探讨模型的适用性并对不确定性来源进行分析。研究结果表明：①PnET-CN模型能较为准确地模拟东亚地区大部分森林生态系统站点的GEE和RE;②模型的适用性排序依次为温带、寒温带、亚热带、 热带,模型未能很好地模拟热带湿地森林GEE和RE 的季节与年际变异;③在同一气候区中,PnET-CN模型更加适用于针叶林碳交换的模拟;④PnET-CN模型比较准确地反映了东亚森林生态系统GEE、RE对气候因子（例如,温度或辐射）的响应,但在低温、较弱辐射条件下模型低估了GEE,在高温或较强辐射条件下高估了GEE;在低温条件下模型低估了RE,在高温条件下模型高估了RE。针对东亚多个森林通量站点的模拟情况,论文提出模型应在以下方面进行改进：①PnET-CN模型计算物候时除了考虑温度之外还应加入土壤湿度的影响,并对不同气候区森林生态系统赋予不同叶片凋落时长;②PnET-CN模型中温度对GEE的限制以及光合最适温度应该根据不同站点设置;③PnET-CN模型应该考虑森林生态系统对环境胁迫的适应性,加强对干旱等干扰的模拟;④同时对于拥有复杂水文条件的森林生态系统应该改进土壤含水量的算法,以准确反映该类型森林生态系统GEE和RE的季节变化。     

Female sex pheromone and male behavioral responses of the bombycid moth <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trilocha varians</Emphasis>: comparison with those of the domesticated silkmoth <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombyx mori</Emphasis>

Analysis of female sex pheromone components and subsequent field trap experiments demonstrated that the bombycid moth Trilocha varians uses a mixture of (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal (bombykal) and (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienyl acetate (bombykyl acetate) as a sex pheromone. Both of these components are derivatives of (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol (bombykol), the sex pheromone of the domesticated silkmoth Bombyx mori. This finding prompted us to compare the antennal and behavioral responses of T. varians and B. mori to bombykol, bombykal, and bombykyl acetate in detail. The antennae of T. varians males responded to bombykal and bombykyl acetate but not to bombykol, and males were attracted only when lures contained both bombykal and bombykyl acetate. In contrast, the antennae of B. mori males responded to all the three components. Behavioral analysis showed that B. mori males responded to neither bombykal nor bombykyl acetate. Meanwhile, the wing fluttering response of B. mori males to bombykol was strongly inhibited by bombykal and bombykyl acetate, thereby indicating that bombykal and bombykyl acetate act as behavioral antagonists for B. mori males. T. varians would serve as a reference species for B. mori in future investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of sex pheromone communication systems in bombycid moths.     

Correlation of PCDD/PCDF and CO values in a MSW incinerator--indication of memory effects in the high temperature/cooling section

The correlation of PCDD/PCDF levels with the CO emissions in a full-scale municipal waste incinerator was assessed during a four-week measurement effort. PCDD/PCDF concentrations in fly ashes-containing more than 99% of the total PCDD/PCDF burden of the fluidized bed incinerator (FBI)-were measured and compared with the emitted CO concentrations. The CO concentration during the sampling time showed no significant correlation to the PCDD/ PCDF amount in fly ash (R2 = 0.078). However, a comparison of the time integrated CO concentration several hours before sampling lead to a correlation with the PCDD/PCDF burden. Maximum correlation was found for the time integrated CO values of 3 and 4 h before sampling (R2 = 0.467 and R2 = 0.457 respectively). This indicates a memory effect in the high temperature cooling section of several hours. Possible mechanisms leading to the memory effect are discussed. The correlation of PCDD/PCDF with CO concentration demonstrate that the combustion conditions play an important role for PCDD/PCDF formation in FBIs. However the variability in the correlation of CO to PCDD/PCDF levels show that other factors have a significant influence on PCDD/PCDF formation.     

Concentrations and compositions of organochlorine contaminants in sediments, soils, crustaceans, fishes and birds collected from Lake Tai, Hangzhou Bay and Shanghai city region, China

Contamination by persistent organochlorines (OCs), such as DDTs, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were examined in sediments, soils, fishes, crustaceans, birds, and aquaculture feed from Lake Tai, Hangzhou Bay, and in the vicinity of Shanghai city in China during 2000 and 2001. OCs were detected in all samples analyzed, and DDT and its metabolites were the predominant contaminants in most sediments, soils and biota. Concentrations of p,p'-DDT and ratio of p,p'-DDT to SigmaDDTs were significantly higher in marine fishes than those in freshwater fishes. While the use of DDTs has been officially banned in China since 1983, these results indicate a recent input of technical DDTs into the marine environment around Hangzhou Bay. Comparison of organochlorine concentrations in fishes collected from Lake Tai and Hangzhou Bay suggests the presence of local sources of HCHs, chlordanes and PCBs at Lake Tai. Higher proportions of penta- and hexa-PCB congeners in fishes at Lake Tai may suggest the use of highly chlorinated PCB product, such as PCB(5), around this lake. To our knowledge, this is a first comprehensive study to examine the present status of organochlorine contamination in various environmental media, such as sediments, soils and wildlife, in China.     

Control of mercury emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator in Japan

The control of Hg emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) is very important, because more than 78% of municipal solid waste (MSW) is incinerated. The Hg content of coal used in utility boilers is relatively low in Japan. In this study, recent trends in the Hg content of MSW in Japan and activated carbon (AC) injection as a control technology of Hg emission from an MSWI are discussed. The effect of AC injection on Hg removal from flue gas in an MSWI was investigated by pilot-scale experiments using a bag filter (BF). The injection of AC increases the Hg reduction ratio by 20-30% compared with cases without AC injection. The Hg reduction ratio increases as the flue gas temperature decreases. The Hg reduction ratio is closely related to the inlet Hg concentration and was expressed with a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm.     

Adsorption of Cu and Mn on covalently cross-linked alginate gel beads

The covalently cross-linked alginate gel beads were prepared by the reactions of Ca(2+)-doped alginate gel beads, which were formed by spraying a viscous alginate solution into a calcium chloride solution, with cyanogen bromide and following 1,6-diaminohexane. The cross-linking of alginate matrix decreased the mean bead diameter by about 30% and made the beads durable in some extent under alkaline conditions. The adsorption of metal ions on the covalently cross-linked alginate gel beads was rapid and reached at equilibrium within 30 min at 25 degrees C. Adsorption isotherms of Cu(II), Mn(II), and Ca2+ on the beads possessed a stepwise shape, which was firstly determined by Rorrer et al. [Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 32 (1993) 2170] for cross-linked chitosan gel beads and explained by a pore-blockage mechanism. Higher selectivity was determined against Cu(II) over Mn(II) and Ca2+, especially at a low concentration region. These metal adsorption profiles for the covalently cross-linked alginate gel beads was almost the same as those for the un-cross-linked beads, indicating that the cross-linking reactions were performed without interfering the adsorption characteristics of alginate gel beads.     

Effects of copper chloride on formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in model waste incineration in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor

Combustion experiments in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor have been performed to clarify the effects of copper chloride as a catalyst on polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) formation in municipal waste incineration. We used model wastes with and without copper chloride (CuCl2 x 2H2O) as a catalyst, both of which contained polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as a chlorine source. Combustion temperature was set to 900 degrees C, and the amount of air supplied was twice as much as the theoretical amount. The experimental setup had been carefully planned to ensure avoidance of the influences of previous experiments. Results of these present experiments revealed that copper chloride in the waste increased the amount of PCDFs formed and made the homologue profile shifted towards the highly chlorinated species. Copper chloride contributes to PCDFs formation by promoting chlorination via catalytic reactions, whereby the reaction could be important in that organic matters are chlorinated directly by chlorinated compounds related to Deacon reaction such as copper chloride. It was elucidated that characteristic isomer distribution patterns appeared in case the waste contained copper chloride. It is probable in our experiment with copper chloride that PCDFs are mainly formed via catalytic reactions of copper compounds and carbon.