大型强激光系统风险评价方法

对于大型强激光系统 ,要求进行安全性分析。给出了大型强激光系统风险评价的定性定量评估方法     

企业外用工安全管理探讨

企业用工制度改革后,外用工越来越多,给企业安全管理带来了许多新的问题。叙述了对外用工安全管理中存在的问题,提出了改进措施。     

幼儿环境教育中找准结合点

3－ 6岁幼儿好玩、好奇、好问,思维具体形象,以无意注意为主。我们采用适合幼儿年龄特点的方式调动幼儿各种感官去参与实践活动。以水为例,小班幼儿可以通过玩水,用水画画,饲养一些水中的小动物等活动,了解水的特性和水的作用。中班可以通过淡水、咸水对植物的作用的实验,口渴了怎么办等活动,进一步帮助孩子,了解水对人类、对所有生物的作用。 结合情感萌发、行为习惯的培养 　　幼儿期是一个更多地依赖情感而不是依赖理智生活的时期。幼儿的情感是最容易受到感染的,如在了解污水这一活动中,孩子们看到小金鱼在黑黑的发着臭味的…     

中国城市污水处理厂资源配置效率的比较

采用平均生产函数模型、边界生产函数以及数据包络分析(DEA)模型3种方法,对中国81个污水处理厂的样本观测数据,从不同角度进行了比较研究,分别得出上述3种模型对产出弹性、技术效率和规模经济性等主要指标的模拟结果.研究发现,资本对我国城市污水处理厂的产出弹性最大(0.507),其次是运营电耗(0.415),再次为劳动力;我国污水厂普遍处于规模报酬率递增阶段,样本总体的规模报酬率为1.11;根据DEA的分析结果,列出了81个样本污水厂的效率排序清单,这将有助于制定行业绩效标准.     

应用环境舱研究室内混凝土墙体中氨的释放规律

采用环境舱模拟研究了随温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)和空气交换率(AER)变化墙体试块中氨的释放规律,并将现场实验结果与环境舱的模拟实验结果进行对比.研究发现:T和RH一定,随着AER的增大,舱内氨气平衡浓度下降,氨气挥发速率和完全释放时间呈现出一定的规律性;AER和RH一定,舱内氨气平衡浓度和挥发速率随T升高而变大,完全释放时间减小;与AER和T相比,RH对氨气释放的影响有限;通过与现场通风实验和浓度监测结果比较,考虑到室内墙体老化时间等因素,环境舱实验与实际住宅测试得到的结论基本一致.在一般的情况下,使用含尿素防冻剂的住宅,其墙体中氨释放完全大约需要10～32年.     

长江口九段沙水域环境及生物体内多氯联苯分布

对长江口九段沙湿地自然保护区的滩涂水样、泥样以及水生生物体内的多氯联苯进行GC-MS检测,研究多氯联苯各单体在不同环境介质及生物体中的分布状况. 结果表明:水样、泥样中的多氯联苯检出率为100%,其中四氯联苯(PCB52)含量最高; 与其他河口地区相比,九段沙水域水体中多氯联苯(PCBs)含量处于中等水平,ρ(PCBs)为23～95 ng/L;滩涂泥样多氯联苯含量则较低,w(PCBs)为1.77～4.51 ng/g; 该水域水生生物多氯联苯检出率为100%,w(PCBs)为0.12～9.40 μg/kg,低于国家标准限量; 软体动物、甲壳类以及鱼类检出单体均以高氯类PCB118和PCB138为主,而非环境中含量较高的PCB52,反映了水生生物对于高氯类多氯联苯富集能力强于低氯类多氯联苯.      

Separating habitat invasibility by alien plants from the actual level of invasion

Habitats vary considerably in the level of invasion (number or proportion of alien plant species they contain), which depends on local habitat properties, propagule pressure, and climate. To determine the invasibility (susceptibility to invasions) of different habitats, it is necessary to factor out the effects of any confounding variables such as propagule pressure and climate on the level of invasion. We used 20 468 vegetation plots from 32 habitats in the Czech Republic to compare the invasibility of different habitats. Using regression trees, the proportion of alien plants, including archaeophytes (prehistoric to medieval invaders) and neophytes (recent invaders), was related to variables representing habitat properties, propagule pressure, and climate. The propagule pressure was expressed as the proportion of surrounding urban and industrial or agricultural land, human population density, distance from a river, and history of human colonization in the region. Urban and industrial land use had a positive effect on the proportion of both archaeophytes and neophytes. Agricultural land use, higher population density, and longer history of human impact positively affected the proportion of archaeophytes. Disturbed human-made habitats with herbaceous vegetation were most invaded by both groups of aliens. Neophytes were also relatively common in disturbed woody vegetation, such as broad-leaved plantations, forest clearings, and riverine scrub. These habitats also had the highest proportion of aliens after removing the effect of propagule pressure and climate, indicating that they are not only the most invaded, but also most invasible. These habitats experience recurrent disturbances and are rich, at least temporarily, in available nutrients, which supports the hypothesis that fluctuating resources are the major cause of habitat invasibility. The least invaded habitats were mires and alpine-subalpine grasslands and scrub. After removing the effect of propagule pressure and climate, some habitats actually invaded at an intermediate level had very low proportions of aliens. This indicates that these habitats (e.g., dry, wet, and saline grasslands, base-rich fens, and broad-leaved deciduous woodlands) are resistant to invasion.     

惠州西湖沉积物营养盐的释放

惠州西湖为典型的南亚热带城市浅水湖泊,位于惠州市中心区域,近年来已采取了截留城市污水、引清水等治理措施,但西湖水体仍处于富营养化状态.以惠州西湖沉积物为研究对象,采用实验室原状泥柱静态培养法对惠州西湖各子湖沉积物氨氮和反应磷的释放通量进行了研究.结果表明,惠州西湖沉积物中氨氮(NH4 -N)释放通量为-31.64~69.73 mg·m-2 ·d-1,不同湖区释放通量差异较大,总体上沉积物为水中氨氮的源;各湖区沉积物中的反应磷(PO43-P)的平均释放通量为-6.42~-0.80 mg·m-2·d-1,惠州西湖沉积物为水中磷的汇.研究结果可为惠州西湖水质管理和生态修复提供科学依据.     

Influence of environmental temperature and relative humidity on photocatalytic oxidation of toluene on activated carbon fibers coated TiO

TiO₂ supported on active carbon fiber (TiO₂/ACF), an absorbable photocatalyst, is a new kind of material applied in air purification. In this paper, the influence of environmental temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) on the gas-solid adsorption of toluene and the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency of adsorbed toluene on TiO₂/ACF were studied, and then, the purification capability of TiO₂/ACF was estimated. PCO results showed that although the PCO efficiency increased under high RH and T levels, the amount of adsorption of toluene decreased. Moreover, quantitative analysis results of intermediates indicated that more environmental risk emerged when PCO of toluene was carried out at higher environmental T and RH levels because more toxic intermediates would be accumulated on the TiO₂/ACF. So, it is significant to control the environmental T and RH conditions in the application of the PCO technique. T = 25°C and RH = 30% is the optimal condition for purifying toluene in our experimental system.     

郑州空气颗粒物中PAHs的碳同位素特征及来源

研究了郑州城区空气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的稳定碳同位素组成特征并对其来源进行了解析.气相色谱/燃烧系统/同位素质谱(GC/C/IRMS)分析表明,PAHs 的δ¹³C 值在非采暖季为-29.4‰～-23.4‰,采暖季为-30.0‰～-24.2‰,随着分子量的增大,PAHs 中 13C 降低.统计表明不同采样点的样品中的 PAHs 的δ¹³C 区别不明显(0.1‰<σ<0.8‰).两个季节中,三环和四环多芳香烃化合物荧蒽、芘和苯并(a)蒽的δ¹³C没有明显的区别,其范围为-24.5‰～-23.4‰,但是,五环和六环芳烃的δ¹³C 值有明显差异.随着分子量的增大,采暖季环境空气颗粒物中 PAHs的碳同位素比值变小的程度比非采暖季的大.采暖季的苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘、苯并(ghi)苝的δ13C 值分别为-26.6‰、-30.0‰和-28.1‰,而非采暖季为-24.5‰、-29.4‰和-26.3‰.利用二元复合同位素模型,估算了不同季节机动车尾气和煤的燃烧对郑州城区苯并(a)芘的贡献.在非采暖季机动车尾气排放的贡献率为 70%,在采暖季贡献率为 50%,煤的燃烧对六环化合物的贡献高于机动车排放的贡献.