环境条件对遵义市呼吸系统疾病的影响及预测研究

为探究气象和空气污染等环境条件对呼吸系统疾病发病的影响,为遵义地区相关疾病预防提供科学依据,采用分布滞后非线性模型和广义线性、相加模型,利用当地气象和污染资料,分析了2012~2016年遵义市气象环境要素对呼吸系统疾病发病的影响.结果显示,遵义市呼吸系统疾病发病状况与当地长期气候状态基本保持一致,气候效应对其的影响占主导作用,其中,冬季为呼吸系统疾病高发期,立秋至处暑前后其发病人数最少,表明此时间段内当地气候条件对呼吸系统疾病患者有气候疗养效应.气温对呼吸系统疾病发病的影响以低温滞后效应为主,在其敏感阈值附近气温每变化1℃,发病人数将累积增加31.6%（95% CI：4.4%~65.8%）;气压以高压滞后效应为主,相对湿度则在低湿部分同时有即时和滞后效应.舒适度对呼吸系统疾病的影响,在冷、热斜胁迫下其发病人数明显多于舒适状况时.PM_2.5、SO₂和NO₂三种污染物的影响都以即时效应为主,而CO则在累积滞后lag04时相对危险度最高,PM_2.5与呼吸系统疾病发病人数的暴露-反应曲线呈单调线性分布,SO₂、NO₂和CO均为“J”型分布.低温与高浓度NO₂或者低湿与高浓度SO₂的协同作用对呼吸系统疾病的影响较大.建立的全年和季节多元逐步回归方程的试预报准确率在75%以上（夏季除外）,其中分季节建模预测效果显著优于全年预测效果.     

Prevalence and Bayesian Phylogenetics of Enteroviruses Derived From Environmental Surveillance Around Polio Vaccine Switch Period in Shandong Province,China

Food and Environmental Virology - We present the results of environmental surveillance for poliovirus (PV) and non-poliovirus (NPEV) around the switch from trivalent to bivalent oral polio-vaccine...     

锑矿开采条件下矿井水酸化过程分析

矿山开采过程产生的酸性排水及其携带的重金属对生态环境造成了严重的危害,其防控的关键在于控酸,因此矿井水酸化过程的解析可为矿山酸性排水的源头防控提供理论依据。本文以独山半坡锑矿为研究区,采集矿井内部不同区域水体样品32件,通过对水体酸化的矿物端元解析和重金属的共氧化过程、离子水解过程以及不同类型矿井水的混合过程分析,揭示了矿井水的酸化过程。结果表明,矿井内辉锑矿与黄铁矿的氧化使流经的矿井水具有低p H和高硫酸根的特征,与未受矿业活动影响的地下水具有明显差异。在矿井水流动过程中,Sb(Ⅲ)与Fe(Ⅱ)的共氧化过程消耗了氢离子,不同水体混合过程中碳酸氢根对酸的缓冲作用明显,以上过程延缓了矿井水的酸化;由于水体酸化使Al、Mn、Fe等离子溶出,而这些离子可能发生的水解过程加速了矿井水的酸化。     

PFOS前体物质(PreFOSs)降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从氟化工厂附近土壤中分离出1株能以全氟辛烷磺酸前体物质(Pre FOSs)为唯一碳源和能源生长的降解菌PF1,经形态观察及16S r DNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium sp.).在温度为30℃、p H为7.0~7.2条件下,菌株PF1对全氟辛基磺酰胺(PFOSA)和N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰胺(N-Et FOSA)48 h降解率分别为14.6%和8.2%,对PFOS无降解能力.对降解产物进行检测和分析,结果表明PFOSA的降解产物为PFOS;N-Et FOSA能被降解生成PFOSA和PFOS,同时也产生少量的全氟辛基磺酰胺乙酸(FOSAA).由此推断Pre FOSs降解途径,在菌株PF1的作用下,PFOSA脱去氨基直接转化成PFOS.NEt FOSA主要有2种降解途径:(1)N-Et FOSA脱乙基产生PFOSA,PFOSA再进一步脱氨基生成PFOS,此为主要途径;(2)NEt FOSA中的N-乙基被氧化成乙酸基生成FOSAA,FOSAA进一步脱去乙酸基生成PFOSA,并最终脱氨基生成PFOS.     

Insights into sludge granulation during anaerobic treatment of high-strength leachate via a full-scale IC reactor with external circulation system

In this study, a full-scale internal circulation(IC) reactor coupled with an external circulation system was developed to treat high-strength leachate from a municipal solid waste(MSW)incineration plant, in which anaerobic sludge granulation was intensively investigated. Results showed that the IC reactor achieved excellent treatment performance under high organic loading rates(OLR) of 21.06–25.16 kg chemical oxygen demand(COD)/(m3? day). The COD removal efficiency and biogas yield respectively reached 89.4%–93.4% and 0.42–0.50 m3/kg COD.The formation of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) was closely associated with sludge granulation. Protein was the dominant component in sludge EPS, and its content was remarkably increased from 21.6 to 99.7 mg/g Volatile Suspended Solid(VSS) during the reactor operation. The sludge Zeta potential and hydrophobicity positively correlated with the protein/polysaccharide ratio in EPS, and they were respectively increased from-26.2 m V and 30.35% to-10.6 m V and 78.67%, which was beneficial to microbial aggregation. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy(3 D-EEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis further indicated the importance of protein-like EPS substances in the sludge granulation. Moreover, it was also found that the secondary structures of EPS proteins varied during the reactor operation.     

Concurrent catalytic removal of typical volatile organic compound mixtures over Au-Pd/α-MnO2 nanotubes

α-MnO_2 nanotubes and their supported Au-Pd alloy nanocatalysts were prepared using hydrothermal and polyvinyl alcohol-protected reduction methods, respectively. Their catalytic activity for the oxidation of toluene/m-xylene, acetone/ethyl acetate, acetone/m-xylene and ethyl acetate/m-xylene mixtures was evaluated. It was found that the interaction between Au-Pd alloy nanoparticles and α-MnO_2 nanotubes significantly improved the reactivity of lattice oxygen, and the 0.91 wt.% Au0.48 Pd/α-MnO_2 nanotube catalyst outperformed the α-MnO_2 nanotube catalyst in the oxidation of toluene, m-xylene, ethyl acetate and acetone. Over the0.91 wt.% Au0.48 Pd/α-MnO_2 nanotube catalyst,(i) toluene oxidation was greatly inhibited in the toluene/m-xylene mixture, while m-xylene oxidation was not influenced;(ii) acetone and ethyl acetate oxidation suffered a minor impact in the acetone/ethyl acetate mixture; and(iii) m-xylene oxidation was enhanced whereas the oxidation of the oxygenated VOCs(volatile organic compounds) was suppressed in the acetone/m-xylene or ethyl acetate/m-xylene mixtures. The competitive adsorption of these typical VOCs on the catalyst surface induced an inhibitive effect on their oxidation, and increasing the temperature favored the oxidation of the VOCs. The mixed VOCs could be completely oxidized into CO_2 and H_2 O below 320°C at a space velocity of 40,000 m L/(g·hr). The 0.91 wt.% Au0.48 Pd/α-MnO_2 nanotube catalyst exhibited high catalytic stability as well as good tolerance to water vapor and CO_2 in the oxidation of the VOC mixtures. Thus, the α-MnO_2 nanotube-supported noble metal alloy catalysts hold promise for the efficient elimination of VOC mixtures.     

综合生态安全格局构建与城市扩张模拟的城市增长边界划定——以天水市规划区（2015—2030年）为例

传统的城市增长边界划定方法,一般仅考虑生态安全格局,并未考虑在现有客观条件下的城市扩张趋势,划定结果具有一定的主观性;或仅对城市的扩张进行模拟,忽略了城市的生态安全问题。针对上述问题,论文通过耦合城市综合生态安全格局与基于CA_Markov模型的城市扩张模拟结果,提出了一种新的城市增长边界划定方法:首先,合理选取因子构建研究区的综合生态安全格局,利用禁建区对综合生态安全格局的结果进行修正,获得研究区的刚性增长边界;其次,合理选取城市扩张驱动因子,通过CA_Markov模型预测城市扩张边界;最后,综合考虑刚性增长边界、模拟获得的城市扩张边界及近期城市拓展方案等,获得最终的城市增长边界。并以天水市规划区（2015—2030）为案例,对方法的科学性进行了说明。结果表明,论文划定的城市增长边界内总面积370.56 km²,占规划区总面积的7.7%。此方法能够有效解决城市增长与生态保护之间的矛盾,对河谷型城市等建设用地匮乏、生态环境脆弱城市的增长边界划定具有良好的应用价值,也可为其他类型城市的城市增长边界划定提供参考。     

外部性视角下的节水灌溉技术补偿标准核算——基于选择实验法

合理的补偿标准是节水灌溉技术补偿政策的核心,也是促进农户技术采用的关键内容。论文以石羊河下游民勤县为例,通过选择实验调研和RPL（Random Parameters Logit）模型估计,量化了节水灌溉技术采用的外部效益,并结合特定技术与农户谈判能力讨论了兼顾公平与效率的补偿标准。结果表明：民勤县城乡居民均希望实施节水灌溉技术来改善生态环境,技术采用的外部效益约为1 052.25元/hm²;以膜下滴灌技术为例,合理的补偿标准应在789.15元/hm²左右。从现行政策看,过低的补贴标准难以保障农户切身利益,导致政策响应不足。据此建议,完善成本收益核算体系,将技术采用的外部效益纳入补偿标准的核算中,提升补偿政策的公平性,同时也要根据技术类型及其采用面积进行精准化补偿,保障资金有效利用。     

浸渍-煅烧法改性凹凸棒石对模拟废水中磷的吸附特性

为提升凹凸棒石对水溶液中磷的吸附性能,以凹凸棒石、氢氧化铝、熟石灰为原料,采用浸渍-煅烧法制备ATP-IA（改性凹凸棒石）.通过吸附磷试验,探讨ATP-IA吸附性能以及投加量对吸附效果的影响;利用SEM（扫描电镜）、XRD（X射线衍射光谱）、XRF（X射线荧光光谱）和FTIR（傅里叶转换红外光谱）对ATP-IA表征,并结合吸附动力学、热力学和等温吸附试验探讨ATP-IA吸附磷机制.结果表明,ATP-IA平衡吸附容量为26.34 mg/g（凹凸棒石的平衡吸附量为0.88 mg/g）,对磷的去除率可以达到99.36%;表征结果表明,改性可使部分凹凸棒石转变为钙沸石,改性能脱除凹凸棒石晶体内的结晶水,使凹凸棒石比表面积显著提升;动力学试验表明,ATP-IA吸附磷过程符合准二级动力学方程,说明ATP-IA吸附磷过程中反应控速步骤为化学反应;等温吸附试验结果符合Freundlich方程,表明吸附为多分子层不均匀吸附;热力学分析表明,ATP-IA吸附磷属于自发进行的吸热过程,且同时包含物理吸附和化学吸附.研究显示,浸渍-煅烧法改性会改变凹凸棒石部分理化性质,能显著提高凹凸棒石对磷的去除率及平衡吸附容量.