《大气污染防治行动计划》实施的环境健康效果评估

为了定量评估《大气十条》实施带来的环境健康效益,本文首先依据PM_(2.5)浓度和人口数据,分析2013～2017年全国人口加权浓度的变化,其次利用Ben MAP模型对全国338个地级及以上城市2013年PM_(2.5)基准情景和2017年PM_(2.5)控制情景进行分析,定量分析全国31个省(市)及338个地级及以上城市减少过早死亡人数.结果表明,由于PM_(2.5)浓度大幅下降,2013～2017年全国PM_(2.5)人口加权浓度呈逐年下降趋势;北京、天津、河北等京津冀及周边地区减少过早死亡人数最多. 2017年全国280个城市避免过早死亡人数有所增加,58个城市避免过早死亡人数有所下降.以WHO过渡期第1阶段目标值(PM_(2.5)年均浓度为35μg·m-3)作为控制情景,估算2013年全国过早死亡人数约为101 293人,2017年约为41 080人,《大气十条》的实施大约避免60 213人过早死亡.依据支付意愿法调查结果,估算增加的健康效益约为549. 7亿元.     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

兼氧条件下厨余垃圾发酵液作碳源的反硝化性能

在兼氧条件下,利用厨余垃圾厌氧发酵液调节反硝化系统的碳氮比（COD/TN,C/N）,并考察了其脱氮性能.结果表明,不同C/N条件下,反应系统均未出现有机物的积累,但高C/N条件下的亚硝酸盐最大积累浓度和积累速率高于低C/N;随着进水C/N的增大,反应整体脱氮率和反硝化速率不断增大,当C/N为13时,反硝化速率达到了最大值,为9.79mg/（gVSS·h）,其脱氮率超过95%;相同C/N条件下,反硝化速率和最大亚硝酸盐积累浓度均与进水硝酸盐浓度成正比.此外,实验结果表明,兼氧条件下的反硝化过程虽不易出现COD残留,但去除单位氮所需的有机物更多,且整体反硝化速率以及亚硝酸盐还原速率均低于厌氧条件.     

路边微环境PM2.5化学组分特征及来源解析

采集并分析了武汉市机动车尾气源PM_2.5样品,并于2019年10月18~27日采集了武汉市不同路边微环境（市区路边、环线路边、环境背景点）PM_2.5样品并分析其化学组分特征,利用化学质量平衡模型（CMB）解析评估了机动车尾气对城市不同路边微环境PM_2.5的贡献.结果表明,机动车尾气成分谱以OC和EC为主,汽油车OC质量分数约为柴油车的1.14倍,柴油车EC质量分数是汽油车的1.08倍.路边碳组分主要来源于机动车尾气,其中OC浓度在市区路边最高,EC浓度在环线路边最高;市区路边NO₃^-和NH₄⁺浓度较高,与二次转化有关;环线路边Fe、Si、Al质量浓度高于市区路边.CMB来源解析结果显示,机动车尾气源是环线路边、市区路边微环境的主要来源,分担率为35.20%和38.89%,是环境背景点的2倍左右.不同路边微环境污染源贡献差异明显,与环线路边相比,市区路边机动车尾气源与二次来源均相对较高,而扬尘源贡献低于环线路边.     

Distribution and source of microplastics in China's second largest reservoir - Danjiangkou Reservoir

Fresh water microplastic pollution is of pressing concern globally, but its distribution and sources in reservoirs are poorly documented. Danjiangkou Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and is divided into the Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir. In this work, microplastic abundances and morphological characteristics of the reservoir were investigated. The microplastic abundance of 15 main tributaries of the reservoir was also measured. The vertical distribution (in water column and sediment), horizontal distribution (in Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir) and source of microplastics were analyzed. Microplastics accumulated in the middle layer of the reservoir, and the size and color of the microplastic particles changed from the surface to the bottom, which implies that surveys of surface water are not enough to determine the microplastic contamination for deep water reservoirs. In the surface water, the microplastic abundance in the Han Reservoir was lower than that in the Dan Reservoir (p < 0.05), but microplastic abundance did not differ significantly in the intermediate and bottom water. Tributaries were one of the main sources of microplastics for Han Reservoir but not for Dan Reservoir. Agricultural cultivation in the hydro-fluctuation belt might be an important source of microplastics in the Dan Reservoir, which should be given additional attention. The results of this study can provide valuable information for developing microplastic sampling strategies in deep water reservoirs. Further studies are recommended to investigate the process through which microplastics in the hydro-fluctuation belt enter the reservoir and the sinking behavior of microplastics in the reservoir.     

安全技术说明书在油田化学助剂危害因素识别中存在问题探讨

以3种化学助剂的化学品安全技术说明书(SDS)信息与气相色谱-质谱联用仪定性分析结果为对比,探讨了油田化学助剂安全技术说明书在完整性、真实性、准确性等方面存在的问题,建议完善SDS审核与监督机制,在识别有害因素时根据SDS、定性定量检测结果、生产工艺及原辅材料分析等内容做出综合判断,使用化学助剂时核实SDS准确性及化学助剂安全性,以采取正确的防控措施。     

铝穹顶储罐雷击损伤及燃爆风险研究

针对铝穹顶储罐雷击问题,开展了回击后长持续时间雷电流分量作用下的铝合金板烧蚀损伤试验研究,分析了铝穹顶储罐损伤及油气燃爆风险。结果表明:当直流分量为164 C时,2 mm铝板发生穿孔,铝穹顶储罐存在雷击燃爆风险;当直流分量≤157 C时,未穿孔,背面温度最高为480℃,存在燃爆风险,铝穹顶储罐存在雷击燃爆风险;当直流分量196 C时,4 mm铝板发生穿孔;当直流分量为196 C时,6 mm铝板未发生穿孔,背面温升为125℃,小于205℃,铝穹顶储罐不存在雷击燃爆风险。     

控制回路的多维度性能评估方法研究

为评价炼化装置中各控制回路的性能,基于控制回路关键品质指标要求,采用控制回路的设定值、输出值、测量值、控制模式等过程参数设计了准确性指标、稳定性指标及快速性指标等性能评估指标。辅助技术人员在线进行控制回路性能评估,识别性能较差的控制回路,诊断异常原因并进行优化,提高装置的自动化水平。     

四川省生活垃圾处理设施运行现状及存在问题分析

根据对四川省生活垃圾处理设施运行情况的现场调研,对全省生活垃圾的处理概况和垃圾处理设施的建设运行现状以及目前四川省生活垃圾无害化处理存在的问题和形成原因进行了分析,并提出建议,为政府决策提供参考,为同行实施建设、管理提供帮助。     

Glass recycling in cement production--an innovative approach

An innovative approach of using waste glass in cement production was proposed and tested in a laboratory and cement production plant. The laboratory characterization of 32 types of glass show that the chemical composition of glass does not vary significantly with its color or origin but depends on its application. The alkali content of glass, a major concern for cement production varies from 0 to 22%. For the glass bottles mainly found in Hong Kong waste glasses, the alkali content (Na2O) ranges from 10 to 19% with an average around 15%. There is no significant change of the SO2 content in the gas exhaust of the rotary kiln when about 1.8 t/h of glass bottles were loaded along with the 280-290 t/h raw materials. The content of NOx, mainly depends on the temperature of the kiln, does not show significant change either. The SO3 content of the clinker is comparable with that obtained without the loading of glass. The alkaline content shows a slight increase but still within three times the standard deviation obtained from the statistical data of the past year. The detailed analysis of the quality of the cement product shows that there is not any significant impact of glass for the feeding rate tested.