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81.
Cynthia J. Musante Ted B. Martonen 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):1426-1432
ABSTRACT An age-dependent theoretical model has been developed to predict PM dosimetry in children's lungs. Computer codes have been written that describe the dimensions of individual airways and the geometry of branching airway networks within developing lungs. Breathing parameters have also been formulated as functions of subject age. Our computer simulations suggest that particle size, age, and activity level markedly affect deposition patterns of inhaled air pollutants. For example, the predicted lung deposition fraction is 38% in an adult but is nearly twice as high (73%) in a 7-month-old for 2-um particles inhaled during heavy breathing. Tracheobronchial (TB) and pulmonary (or alveolated airways, P) deposition patterns may also be calculated using the model. Due to different clearance processes in the TB and P airways (i.e., mucociliary transport and macrophage action, respectively), the determination of compartmental dose is important for PM risk assessment analyses. Furthermore, the results of such simulations may aid in the setting of regulatory standards for air pollutants, as the data provide a scientific basis for estimating dose delivered to a designated sensitive subpopulation (children). 相似文献
82.
Simplified method for wetland habitat assessment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This article presents a wetland habitat assessment technique (HAT) using birds as indicators of habitat quality. The technique is quick, simple, inexpensive, and lends itself to screening large numbers of wetlands. HAT can provide input to more extensive evaluation techniques. Measures of species diversity and rarity are used to assess the quality of the wetland. By applying the notion of ecologically optimum size, the technique addresses the issue of economic efficiency. Results of field testing HAT on 11 tidally influenced wetlands are presented to illustrate HAT's utility. Application of HAT in a variety of situations is discussed. 相似文献
83.
Overland and near-surface transport of Cryptosporidium parvum from vegetated and nonvegetated surfaces 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Trask JR Kalita PK Kuhlenschmidt MS Smith RD Funk TL 《Journal of environmental quality》2004,33(3):984-993
Understanding microbial pathogen transport patterns in overland flow is important for developing best management practices for limiting microbial transport to water resources. Knowledge about the effectiveness of vegetative filter strips (VFS) to reduce pathogen transport from livestock confinement areas is limited. In this study, overland and near-surface transport of Cryptosporidium parvum has been investigated. Effects of land slopes, vegetation, and rainfall intensities on oocyst transport were examined using a tilting soil chamber with two compartments, one with bare ground and the other with brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) vegetation. Three slope conditions (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%) were used in conjunction with two rainfall intensities (25.4 and 63.5 mm/h) for 44 min using a rainfall simulator. The vegetative surface was very effective in reducing C. parvum in surface runoff. For the 25.4 mm/h rainfall, the total percent recovery of oocysts in overland flow from the VFS varied from 0.6 to 1.7%, while those from the bare ground condition varied from 4.4 to 14.5%. For the 63.5 mm/h rainfall, the recovery percentages of oocysts varied from 0.8 to 27.2% from the VFS, and 5.3 to 59% from bare-ground conditions. For all slopes and rainfall intensities, the total (combining both surface and near-surface) recovery of C. parvum oocysts was considerably less from the vegetated surface than those from the bare-ground conditions. These results indicate that the VFS can be a best management practice for controlling C. parvum in runoff from animal production facilities. 相似文献
84.
Bolgrien DW Angradi TR Schweiger EW Kelly JR 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,103(1-3):5-20
The science and practice of assessing the status and trends of ecological conditions in great rivers have not kept pace with perturbation wrought on these systems. Participants at a symposium sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Council of State Governments concluded that useful and efficient assessments of great river ecosystems require thoughtful alignment of sampling designs, spatial and temporal scales, indicators, management needs, and ecosystem characteristics. Site-specific physical, chemical, and biological data long accumulated by monitoring programs have value but fail to provide the integrated system-wide perspective required for adaptive management and the Clean Water Act. Use of existing data may be limited by methodological incompatibilities, access difficulties, and the exclusive applicability of data to specific habitats or sites. The transition from site-specific to system-wide assessments benefits from research being done by USEPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) and other programs that use probability surveys and biological indicators. Indicators of various taxa (in particular fish, algae, and benthic invertebrates) have been successfully developed for great rivers. However, optimizing the information these ecological indicators convey to managers and the public is the subject of ongoing research. 相似文献
85.
86.
George Myerson Yvonne Rydin Carolyn Harrison Marjorie Mayo Patsy Healey Jon Vernon Nick Williams Tim Brindley Ted Trainer Allan R. Jones Judy Walker 《Local Environment》1997,2(3):329-345
Green Culture: environmental rhetoric in contemporary America. C. G. Herndl & S. C. Brown (Eds), 1996, Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 315 pp. ISBN 0 229 14990 0, £35.95 (hbk) ISBN 0 299 14994 3, £17.50 (pbk)
Earthtalk: communication empowerment for environmental action. S. A. Muir & T. L. Veenendall, 1996, Westport, CT, Praeger, Praeger Series in Political Communication, 233 pp. ISBN 0 275 953700 X, £47.95
Environmentalism and Cultural Theory. Kay Milton, 1996 London & New York, Routledge, 266 pp. ISBN 0 415 115529 9, £45.00 (hbk) ISBN 0 415 11530 2, £13.99 (pbk)
Local Environmental Struggles: citizen activism in the treadmill of production. Kenneth A. Gould, Allan Schnaiberg & Adam S. Weinberg, 1996, Cambridge University Press, 239 pp. ISBN 0 521 55519 1, £40.00 (hbk) ISBN 0 521 55521 3, £14.95 (pbk)
The Language of Environment: a new rhetoric. George Myerson & Yvonne Rydin, 1996 London, UCL Press, 264 pp. ISBN 1 85728 330 9, £35.00 (hbk) ISBN 1 85728 331 7, £11.95 (pbk)
Environmental Issues and Business: implications of a changing agenda. Sally Eden, 1996, Chichester, Wiley, ISBN 0 471 94872 1, £25.00
Green Shift: towards a green sensibility in architecture. John Farmer, edited by Kenneth Richardson, 1996, Oxford, Butterworth Architecture, with World-Wide Fund for Nature, ISBN 07506 15303
Lewis Mumford and the Ecological Region: the politics of planning. Mark Luccarelli, 1995, New York, Guilford Press, ISBN 1572300019, £19.95
The Ecology of Hope: communities collaborate for sustainability. Ted Bernard & Jora Young, 1997, East Haven, CT, New Society Publishers, 233 pp. ISBN 0 86571 355 33 (pbk)
Turning the Tide: integrated local area management for Australia's coastal zone. Valerie A. Brown, 1995, Canberra, Australia, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories
Involving Communities in Forestry through Community Participation. Forestry Practice Guide 10, Forestry Commission
The Scope for Community Participation in Forest Management. A Report for the Forestry Commission and Scottish Office by Bill Slee, Gill Clark & Patrick Snowdon, £10 (£15 non UK)
The Role of Woodlands in Meeting Planning Objectives in Great Britain. A Report for the Forestry Commission by Professor Paul Selman 相似文献
Earthtalk: communication empowerment for environmental action. S. A. Muir & T. L. Veenendall, 1996, Westport, CT, Praeger, Praeger Series in Political Communication, 233 pp. ISBN 0 275 953700 X, £47.95
Environmentalism and Cultural Theory. Kay Milton, 1996 London & New York, Routledge, 266 pp. ISBN 0 415 115529 9, £45.00 (hbk) ISBN 0 415 11530 2, £13.99 (pbk)
Local Environmental Struggles: citizen activism in the treadmill of production. Kenneth A. Gould, Allan Schnaiberg & Adam S. Weinberg, 1996, Cambridge University Press, 239 pp. ISBN 0 521 55519 1, £40.00 (hbk) ISBN 0 521 55521 3, £14.95 (pbk)
The Language of Environment: a new rhetoric. George Myerson & Yvonne Rydin, 1996 London, UCL Press, 264 pp. ISBN 1 85728 330 9, £35.00 (hbk) ISBN 1 85728 331 7, £11.95 (pbk)
Environmental Issues and Business: implications of a changing agenda. Sally Eden, 1996, Chichester, Wiley, ISBN 0 471 94872 1, £25.00
Green Shift: towards a green sensibility in architecture. John Farmer, edited by Kenneth Richardson, 1996, Oxford, Butterworth Architecture, with World-Wide Fund for Nature, ISBN 07506 15303
Lewis Mumford and the Ecological Region: the politics of planning. Mark Luccarelli, 1995, New York, Guilford Press, ISBN 1572300019, £19.95
The Ecology of Hope: communities collaborate for sustainability. Ted Bernard & Jora Young, 1997, East Haven, CT, New Society Publishers, 233 pp. ISBN 0 86571 355 33 (pbk)
Turning the Tide: integrated local area management for Australia's coastal zone. Valerie A. Brown, 1995, Canberra, Australia, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories
Involving Communities in Forestry through Community Participation. Forestry Practice Guide 10, Forestry Commission
The Scope for Community Participation in Forest Management. A Report for the Forestry Commission and Scottish Office by Bill Slee, Gill Clark & Patrick Snowdon, £10 (£15 non UK)
The Role of Woodlands in Meeting Planning Objectives in Great Britain. A Report for the Forestry Commission by Professor Paul Selman 相似文献
87.
Perceptions of Risk Associated with Use of Farm Chemicals: Implications for Conservation Initiatives 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
/ Data were collected from 245 farmers within the Darby Creek hydrologic unit in central Ohio to assess perceptions of risk associated with use of farm chemicals. Farmers were asked to evaluate the level of risk associated with use of agricultural chemicals for water quality, food safety, food quality, health of applicator, health of farm animals, wildlife, beneficial plants, beneficial insects, and human health. Study findings revealed that respondents perceived use of farm chemicals posed little or no threat to any of the assessed items. A composite index was formulated from the responses to the nine items and was titled Perceived Risk. Variance in the Perceived Risk index was regressed against social learning variables. The findings revealed that approximately 32% of the variance was explained by the predictive variables included in the model. It was concluded that the theoretical perspective was somewhat useful for understanding perceptions held about agricultural chemical use at the farm level. The findings are discussed in the context of future conservation and educational-information programs within the study region.KEY WORDS: Risk perception; Risk assessment; Groundwater; Pesticide contamination; Food safety; Environmental quality 相似文献
88.
89.
Cairns Michael A. Winjum Jack K. Phillips Donald L. Kolchugina Tatyana P. Vinson Ted S. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1997,1(4):363-383
This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States,
Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest
of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain
approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average
phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally
increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component.
We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (= uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative
in Mexico (−37) and Brazil (−16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (= emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr):
FSU −343; U.S. −243; Mexico −35; and Brazil −235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in
the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
90.
A new ant species of Megalomyrmex conducts mass raids to usurp gardens of the fungus-growing ant Cyphomyrmex longiscapus, then lives in the gardens and consumes the cultivated fungus. Unlike attine ants, however, Megalomyrmex sp. does not forage for substrate to manure the gardens; therefore, when gardens become depleted, Megalomyrmex sp. must locate and usurp new gardens. Megalomyrmex sp. workers feed their larvae with attine brood, but only after removing the fungal mycelium that covers the attine larval integument,
suggesting that this fungal coat may provide partial protection against other predators. Unlike other known Megalomyrmex species, which coexist as social parasites in attine colonies, Megalomyrmex sp. expels its attine hosts during the garden raids. Megalomyrmex sp. thus maintains a unique agro-predatory lifestyle that is described here for the first time.
Received: 18 August 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 1 November 2000 相似文献