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91.
92.
The goal to noninvasively detect fetal aneuploidies using circulating cell-free fetal DNA in the maternal plasma seems to be achieved by the use of massively parallel sequencing (MPS). To date, different MPS approaches exist, all aiming to deliver reliable results in a cost effective manner. The most widely used approach is the whole genome MPS method, in which sequencing is performed on maternal plasma to determine the presence of a fetal trisomy. To reduce costs targeted approaches, only analyzing loci from the chromosome(s) of interest has been developed. This review summarizes the different MPS approaches, their benefits and limitations and discusses the implications for future noninvasive prenatal testing. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
93.
A current challenge in ecology is to better understand the magnitude, variation, and interaction in the factors that limit the invasiveness of exotic species. We conducted a factorial experiment involving herbivore manipulation (insecticide-in-water vs. water-only control) and seven densities of introduced nonnative Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle) seed. The experiment was repeated with two seed cohorts at eight grassland sites uninvaded by C. vulgare in the central Great Plains, USA. Herbivory by native insects significantly reduced thistle seedling density, causing the largest reductions in density at the highest propagule inputs. The magnitude of this herbivore effect varied widely among sites and between cohort years. The combination of herbivory and lower propagule pressure increased the rate at which new C. vulgare populations failed to establish during the initial stages of invasion. This experiment demonstrates that the interaction between biotic resistance by native insects, propagule pressure, and spatiotemporal variation in their effects were crucial to the initial invasion by this Eurasian plant in the western tallgrass prairie. 相似文献
94.
Brigitte Zogg 《生态毒理学报》2004,26(1):16-18
库珀(COOP)公司是瑞士最大的通过有利于环境保护以及公平贸易的销售商.其可持续的零售工作主要集中在4种具有"生态旗舰"标签的产品:有机和放养的食品、有机纺织品和化妆品,互利交易商品以及其它产品.这些产品的成功销售主要依靠与供货商的紧密合作.作为商品的质量担保人库珀公司通过采用指导原则、行为原则、合格证标准和独立控制原则以确保其经营商品达到标准.以它的有机棉纺织品为例,库珀公司帮助那些发展中国家的农民进行了从传统的种植方法到有机品种种植的过渡. 相似文献
95.
Batch-test study on the dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in contaminated aquifer material by zero-valent iron 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Lookman R Bastiaens L Borremans B Maesen M Gemoets J Diels L 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2004,74(1-4):133-144
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons are common groundwater contaminants. One possible remediation option is in-situ reductive dechlorination by zero-valent iron, either by direct injection or as reactive barriers. Chlorinated ethenes (tetrachloroethene: PCE; trichloroethene: TCE) have received extensive attention in this context. However, another common groundwater pollutant, 1,1,1-trichlorethane (TCA), has attracted much less attention. We studied TCA reduction by three types of granular zero-valent irons in a series of batch experiments using polluted groundwater, with and without added aquifer material. Two types of iron were able to reduce TCA completely with no daughter product concentration increases (1,1-dichloroethane: DCA; chloroethane: CA). One type of iron showed slower reduction, with intermediate rise of DCA and CA concentrations. When evaluating the formation of daughter products, the tests on the groundwater alone showed different results than the groundwater plus aquifer batches: DCA did not temporarily accumulate in the batches with added aquifer material, contrary to the batches without added aquifer material. 1,1-dichloroethene (DCE, also present in the groundwater as an abiotic degradation product of TCA) was also reduced slower in the batches without added aquifer material than in the batches with aquifer material. Redox potentials gradually decreased to low values in batches with aquifer material without iron, while the batches with groundwater alone maintained a constant higher redox potential. Either adsorption processes or microbiological activity in the samples could explain these phenomena. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR: a targeted gene probe technique) for chlorinated aliphatic compound (CAH)-degrading bacteria confirmed the presence of Dehalococcoides sp. (chloroethene-degraders) but was negative for Desulfobacterium autotrophicum (a known co-metabolic TCA degrader). DCA reduction was rate determining: first-order half-lives of 300-350 h were observed. TCA was fully removed within hours. CA is resistant to reduction by zero-valent iron but it is known to hydrolyze easily. Since CA did not accumulate in our batches, it may have disappeared by the latter mechanism or it may not have formed as a major daughter product. 相似文献