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101.
102.
Thiosulfate as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes: A Review of R&D Results
Gary T. Rochelle David R. Owens John C. S. Chang Theodore G. Bma 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1138-1146
Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) has been tested in a pilot plant as an oxidation inhibitor in flue gas desulfurization by lime and limestone slurry scrubbing with and without MgO and adiplc acid additives. The effectiveness of thiosulfate is proportional to the inhibitor product, defined as the product of thiosulfate concentration (M), calcium concentration (M), and the moles of SO2 absorbed per hour per liter of hold tank volume. Gypsum saturation was less than 100 percent and scaling was eliminated when the inhibitor product exceeded 0.3 × 10?6(gmol/L)3/h. Thiosulfate was relatively more effective in systems with chlorides and less effective in systems promoted by MgO. An inhibitor product greater than 10?6(gmol/L)3/h significantly enhanced dewatering of solids from limestone scrubbing. SO2 removal and/or limestone utilization were increased in systems that started with less than 10 mM dissolved calcium. 相似文献
103.
Weighting Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pixel Pollutant Loads to Represent Runoff and Buffering Likelihoods
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Emily A. Stephan Theodore A. Endreny 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(2):336-349
Watershed models often estimate annual nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) pollutant loads in rural areas with export coefficient (EC) (kg/ha/yr) values based on land cover, and in urban areas as the product of spatially uniform event mean concentration (EMC) (mg/L) values and runoff volume. Actual N and P nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loading has more spatial complexity due to watershed variation in runoff likelihood and buffering likelihood along surface and subsurface pathways, which can be represented in a contributing area dispersal area (CADA) NPS model. This research develops a CADA NPS model to simulate how watershed properties of elevation, land cover, and soils upslope and downslope of each watershed pixel influence nutrient loading. The model uses both surface and subsurface runoff indices (RI), and surface and subsurface buffer indices (BI), to quantify the runoff and buffering likelihood for each watershed pixel, and generate maps of weighted EC and EMC values that identify NPS pollutant loading hotspots. The research illustrates how CADA NPS model maps and pixel loading values are sensitive to the spatial resolution and accuracy of elevation and land cover data, and model predictions can represent the lower and upper bounds of NPS loading. The model provides managers with a tool to rapidly visualize, rank, and investigate likely areas of high nutrient export. 相似文献
104.
Circulation and Stream Plume Modeling in Conesus Lake 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yan Li Anthony Vodacek Nina Raqueño Robert Kremens Alfred J. Garrett Isidro Bosch Joseph C. Makarewicz Theodore W. Lewis 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(2):275-289
A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model that includes the effect of drag from macrophytes was applied to Conesus Lake to study
the seasonal circulation and thermal structure during spring and early summer. Local weather conditions and stream flow data
were used to drive the model. The drag coefficient for macrophytes was calculated as a function of leaf density. In general,
the model results show good agreements with the observations, including vertical temperature profiles measured at two locations
and average surface temperature derived from calibrated thermal imagery for large-scale simulations of the entire lake. Additional
high-resolution simulations were carried out to understand water circulation and transport of sediment and model-generated
tracer during hydrometeorological events at stream mouths for two experimental sites. The model results show that the plume
development at stream mouths during storm events in Conesus Lake are site-dependent and may either be current- or wind-driven.
The results also show a significant effect from the presence of macrophytes on sediment deposition near stream mouths. 相似文献
105.
Potter TL Truman CC Strickland TC Bosch DD Webster TM 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(3):839-847
Runoff from farm fields is a common source of herbicide residues in surface waters. Incorporation by irrigation has the potential to reduce herbicide runoff risks. To assess impacts, rainfall was simulated on plots located in a peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) field in Georgia's Atlantic Coastal Plain region after pre-emergence application of metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-[(1S)-2-methoxy-1-methylethyl]-acetamide) and pendimethalin (N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-benzenamine). Runoff, sediment, and herbicide loss as function of strip tillage (ST) versus conventional tillage (CT) were compared with and without irrigation (12.5 mm) after application of an herbicide tank mixture. For the CT system, metolachlor runoff was reduced 2x and pendimethalin 1.2x when compared with the non-irrigated treatment. The difference in irrigated and non-irrigated metolachlor means was significant (P = 0.05). Irrigation reduced metolachlor runoff by 1.3x in the ST system, but there was a 1.4x increase for pendimethalin. Overall results indicated that irrigation incorporation reduces herbicide runoff with the greatest impact when CT is practiced and products like metolachlor, which have relatively low K(oc) and high water solubility, are used. The lower ST system response was likely due to a combination of spray interception and retention by the ST system cover crop mulch and higher ST soil organic carbon content and less total runoff. During the study, the measured K(oc) of both herbicides on runoff sediment was found to vary with tillage and irrigation after herbicide application. Generally, K(oc) was higher for ST sediment and when irrigation incorporation was used with the CT system. These results have significant implications for simulation model parametization. 相似文献
106.
107.
Theodore A. Endreny Peter Kwon Tanja N. Williamson Richard Evans 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(5):1268-1287
We examined the impacts of changes in land cover and soil conditions on the flow regime of the upper Delaware River Basin using the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources. We simulated flows for two periods, c. 1600 and 1940, at three sites using the same temperature and precipitation conditions: the East Branch, West Branch, and mainstem Delaware River at Callicoon, New York. The 1600 period represented pristine forest and soils. The 1940 period included reduced forest cover, increased agriculture, and degraded soils with reduced soil macropore fractions. A model‐sensitivity test examined the impact of soil macropore and land cover change separately. We assessed changes in flow regimes between the 1600 and 1940 periods using a variety of flow statistics, including established ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA) thresholds. Reduced forest soil macropore fraction significantly reduced summer and fall baseflows. The 1940 period had significantly lower Q50 flows (50% exceedance) than the 1600 period, as well as summer and fall Q90 and Q75–Q90 flows below the ELOHA thresholds. The one‐ to seven‐day minimum flows were also lower for the 1940 period, by 17% on the mainstem. 1940 flows were 6% more likely than the 1600 period to fall below the low‐flow threshold for federally endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) habitat. In contrast, the 1940 period had higher flows than the 1600 period from late fall to early winter. 相似文献
108.
Louis Theodore Joseph Reynolds 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):870-872
One of the most important considerations in baghouse operation is the effect of bag failure on outlet loading. This information would be Of use to equipment manufacturers, users, and regulatory officials. Unfortunately, little information is available in the literature on this aspect of baghouse performance. Equations describing changes in outlet loading resulting from the sudden rupture of one or more bags are developed from first principles. Calculated results from these equations are presented in the form of a chart which can very quickly and simply be used to obtain a numerical value for a revised outlet loading resulting from bag failure(s) for a variety of system conditions. Due to an assumption made in the derivation, the new outlet loading thus obtained represents the maximum increase (worst case conditions) to be expected from the rupture of one or more bags. The following variables are included in the analysis: inlet loading, outlet loading (prior to bag failure), number of bag failures, bag diameter, system pressure drop; and gas temperature. 相似文献
109.
In the United States, reducing pollution from agriculture has received attention due to data suggesting that this is the leading source of impairment of many waterbodies. The federal government revised its regulations governing concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to enhance governmental oversight over sources of pollution. For the application of manure resulting in pollutant discharges, CAFOs need to implement nutrient management plans. A federal court affirmed the ability of the US federal government to oversee the application of manure from CAFOs that have discharges. Simultaneously, owners and operators of CAFOs who have implemented an appropriate nutrient management plan may forgo securing a permit if their discharges qualify under the agricultural stormwater discharge exemption. 相似文献
110.