剑湖流域土壤/沉积物重金属分布特征、来源解析及生态风险

以剑湖流域为研究对象,通过系统采集流域内陆地土壤、河流和湖泊沉积物样品,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定72个采样点镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、钒(V)和锌(Zn)等6种重金属含量,分析流域重金属分布特征,利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法评估其污染程度,利...     

继承与创新:近30年来中国近代灾荒史研究概述——环境社会学的思考

中国近代灾荒史再研究起步于20世纪80年代。文章从整体性研究、区域灾荒史研究、专题性研究和史料整理建设工作等四个方面简要回顾了近30年来该领域所取得的丰硕成果。在此基础上,指出目前存在的问题和不足,并重点从环境社会学角度提出中国近代灾荒史研究今后在研究理论和方法、研究领域和内容、资料建设以及研究队伍等4个方面的努力方向,希冀为中国近代灾荒史研究在宏观把握和向纵深发展两方面有序并进提供些许思路和参考。     

Monitoring seasonal distribution of an endangered anadromous sturgeon in a large river using environmental DNA

Monitoring dynamic distribution is crucial to conservation management of anadromous sturgeons, but traditional survey methods are less efficient for low-density populations in a large river. Natural propagation of Chinese sturgeon has been monitored annually mainly at the spawning ground using netting for eggs and hydroacoustics for broodstock. However, absence of spawning was observed sporadically in recent years, indicating further crises for the declining population. We analyzed eDNA of water samples collected from 24 sites across 1360 km of the migratory route of anadromous Chinese sturgeon in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Chinese sturgeon was detected at 9 sites during the spawning season and 14 sites after the spawning season. We found that positive eDNA detection rates remained constant in the middle reaches but dramatically changed in the lower reaches, reflecting seasonal migration pattern of Chinese sturgeon. Invasive sturgeons were detected in the river, indicating their possible escape from aquaculture facilities. This study established a protocol for the use of eDNA to monitor distribution of Chinese sturgeon and could be valuable in making better policies for the conservation of this endangered species.     

Development of Future Generations： Oriented Virtual Negotiation Support System for Intergenerational Conflict

Intergenerational conflict coordination is the fundamental requirement and core of sustainable development. In this paper, through the analysis of the future generations-oriented management mechanisms for intergenerational conflict, the idea of mechanisms and institution building for the coordination and management of intergenerational conflict is put forward. Furthermore, the future generations-oriented virtual negotiation support system （NSS） for intergenerational conflict is developed, built on the analysis of the process simulation of intergenerational wealth transfer, intergenerational equilibrium allocation of resources, and strategies for the mitigation and avoidance of intergenerational conflict, through the application of advanced IT technology. The virtual NSS for intergenerational conflict is helpful to the practical application of the sustainable development theory; on the other hand, it can be applied directly to the intergenerational equilibrium allocation of resources, national economic accounting, formulation of sustainable development strategies and other urgent national economic and social development issues. Finally, the sustainable development theory can be enriched and extended. Therefore, the development of the future generations-oriented virtual NSS for intergenerational conflict has certain theoretical and practical effects on the theory of sustainable development.     

Balance the Paradox between Limited Health Resources and Growing Demands for Medical Services

Health institutions in the People＇s Republic of China are under considerable challenge. Innovations in management systems may support the challenge to increase both efficiency and effectiveness. The balanced scorecard （BSC） is one such innovation. We have used a model to explore the factors that may impact the diffusion of the BSC in Chinese government hospitals. In particular, we concentrate on three factors - the outer context, the nature of the innovation and the communication and influence. The outer context and the nature of the innovation do provide an inducement to implement a BSC. The strength of the communication and influence may affect the level of take-up. However, we recognise that they may choose ＂the BSC not for any apparent technical excellence but for the legitimation that Western management practices may bring to local managers.     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Tibetan forest soil: profile distribution and processes

Tibetan forests are located in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, where the climate is dominated by the Indian monsoon. Due to the affinity to pollution sources and high organic carbon stocks, the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the Tibetan forests should be given more attention. In this study, seven soil profiles were investigated to obtain the vertical distribution of the organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Tibetan forest soil. The results indicate that the DDTs are highly stable in the soil, with limited volatilization and leaching, while the more volatile PCBs were found in the deeper mineral layer, which means that they can translocate through the organic layer and move farther downward into the deep soil. The air-to-ground fluxes (estimated by the age of the organic layer) of the DDTs are one magnitude higher than those reported in a study on the Alps, suggesting the higher accumulation of DDTs by the Tibetan forest.     

绿色节能建筑是人类生存发展的方向

我国建筑节能工作开展20多年来，取得了一定成绩，但节能效果还不甚理想，绿色节能建筑可谓建筑的最高典范，推广绿色节能建筑，可以真正做到把环保节能设计的概念贯穿全局，从整体规划布局到建筑单体构造都全面考虑可持续发展，从社会道德和良知上来对我们子孙后代负责。     

遥感旱灾模型综合分析

本文在野外实验的基础上，对遥感旱灾模型进行综合分析和评价。运用四年的实地观测数据，校正了旱灾模型中的待定系数，使其能用于ＮＯＡＡ气象卫星对旱情的监测。对复杂的蒸散模型简化的可行性进行了尝试性研究。     

我国西南湖塘溪流的水化学组成与离子平衡的研究

本文研究了我国重酸雨地区四川，贵州省湖塘溪流的水化学组成及离子平衡关系，结果表明：城郊之间水化学组成存在差异；同时，进行离子平衡衡算时，须对溶解态钙，镁进行校正，否则，会出现阴离子短缺现象，仅由钙，镁及硫酸根和弱酸根组成的简单离子平衡也是大致符合的，但其应用有一定的局限性。     

控制温室效应的战略选择

尽管人类对温室效应和全球变化的认识还是很不充分的，但是继续拖延不采取措施是危险的，采取对抗温室效应和全球变化的措施是行不通的。只有在继续进行全球性科学研究的同时，积极寻求适应一定程度全球变化的措施，并立即着手减少温室气体的排放才是唯一明智的态度。化石能源是人类社会生存和发展的基础，既使用化石能源，又不排放二氧化碳是不可能是。首要的任务是减少化石能源的使用。