太湖水质参数中小尺度空间结构特征

经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高，造成了太湖的富营养化和生态环境的严重破坏。太湖的水质污染目前已严重影响了整个流域的可持续发展，并对人们的身体健康造成潜在的危害。治理太湖、保护太湖已成为人们刻不容缓的任务。了解湖泊水质参数空间结构特征是进行太湖环境评价的重要前提，也是合理治理太湖的重要基础。地统计学的出现为精确描述湖泊水质参数空间结构提供了有效的工具。应用地统计学技术对太湖3种水质参数进行了空间结构分析，结果显示，污染物集中在湖岸线附近不易向湖中央扩散，各水质参数空间分布差异性较大，且空间结构特征极为相似，不同尺度之间有差异性。同时，由于采样密度和范围的限制，更细微和更大尺度的空间结构特征尚不能得以表述。最后，还讨论了太湖水质参数的空间结构变异性。     

Nitrogen loss through lateral seepage in near-trench paddy fields

A near-trench paddy field experiment with five urea application rates (0-360 kg N ha(-1) in 90-kg increments) was conducted on a paddy soil in the Taihu Lake Region of China to elucidate N losses through lateral seepage during three rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing seasons. The total N (Nt), NH4(+) -N, and NO3(-) -N concentrations in the lateral seepage water increased with increasing N rates. The seasonal Nt fluxes by lateral seepage varied from 6.8 to 25.6 kg N ha(-1) for urea application rates of 90 to 360 kg N ha(-1). Lateral seepage accounted for 4.7 to 6.6% of the Nt applied, implying that lateral seepage was an important pathway of N loss from near-trench paddy fields. The cumulative N loss via lateral seepage was significantly related to N fertilization rate (P = 0.05). Floodwater level was also identified as a main factor affecting N losses via lateral seepage from paddy fields, as indicated by a positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.43) between floodwater level and daily lateral flow during the flooded period (P = 0.05). Under the conditions of these experiments, a shallow floodwater depth of 50 mm, urea application rates of 90 kg N ha(-1) or less, and no rainfall within 1 wk after N application reduced N losses by lateral seepage from paddy fields.     

建立环境预警监测体系的探讨

要实现环境保护的"三个转变",环境预警监测处在最前沿.如何建立环境预警监测体系,充分发挥各组成部分的功能,成为目前环境监测的中心工作.本文从环境预警监测工作的作用和重要性入手,分析了体系的组成部分:人才、技术能力和监测质量.     

黄河三角洲外来入侵物种米草对滩涂鸟类的影响

2005年5,8,10月份分别对黄河三角洲米草分布区与非米草分布区的无棣岔尖、东营市五号桩、小清河口的鸟类作了调查,并辅以2000年黄河三角洲湿地鸟类调查资料,研究了米草入侵对鸟类的影响。结果表明：米草入侵已导致黄河三角洲调查区鸟类种数减少,多样性降低,群落组成和结构发生变化,主要原因是米草入侵使鸟类觅食、栖息生境减少或丧失。     

Bioaccumulation and physiological effects of tetrabromobisphenol A in coontail Ceratophyllum demersum L

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants. In the present study, the accumulation of TBBPA and its consequent biological responses were examined in coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) over 14 days' exposure. Most of the TBBPA was accumulated after 4d exposure and TBBPA concentration in plant increased with increasing TBBPA concentration in growth solution (R(2)=0.99). By using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), we found that the TBBPA exposure significantly increased total free radicals generation in the plants. A good positive relationship (R(2)=0.99) was found between the free radicals formation and accumulation level of TBBPA in plant. Lipid peroxidation was enhanced and chlorophyll content showed declined after TBBPA exposure. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and the contents of glutathione were also detected. The results suggest that TBBPA accumulation in C. demersum induces oxidative stress and the level of tolerance depends on the antioxidative capacity of the plants.     

用幼苗法指示污泥和土壤中重金属的植物有效性

利用小麦幼苗与黑麦幼苗研究了污泥和土壤中重金属的植物有效性,并对二者进行了比较。结果表明, 在两种污灌区土壤、四种污泥以及一种污泥施用于两种清洁土壤中,黑麦和小麦测定的Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,Ni五种重金属有效性的顺序,以及有效性大小的数量级上是一致的;除了在污泥中,二者的茎Pb,Ni及根Zn相关不显著,以及在Lou土中施用污泥后,两种植物各部位相关不好外,在污泥及污泥施于赤红壤各处理中黑麦与小麦相关均匀为极显著。上述结果表明,应用小麦幼苗可以替代黑麦幼苗指标土壤中重金属的植物有效性,但同时也应考虑不同植物间的差异。     

液膜法处理硫普罗宁废水的研究

采用W／O型乳状液膜法提取水溶液中的硫普罗宁,考察了载体、温度、硫普罗宁浓度以及油内比、试剂比、乳水比对提取率的影响,并得出了液膜法提取硫普罗宁的最佳乳液配方：油内比＝1：1,乳水比＝1：2,试剂比＝6－8,载体浓度＝5％,温度20℃,转速＝240－250r.min^-1,其提取率高达90％。     

金华生态建筑的设计

金华生态建筑是自身良性循环的绿色建筑物,有3个特点,即屋顶覆土种植或养殖或设太阳能装置,地下设有以净化生活污水为主要目的沼气净化池,墙体垂直绿化,这三者缺不一可,但可单项利用,它有节土,节水,节能和经济,环境,社会产益协调统一这两大优点。     

浙江省农业生物灾害的现状、趋势及减灾对策

病虫草鼠是农业的主要生物灾害。本文分析了浙江省农业生物灾害的现状和今后农作物重大病虫害的发生趋势,提出了农业有害生物的控制对策。