中亚热带次生林成林规律及经营技术研究——Ⅲ.次生林数量动态与经营的生态经济对策

本文通过种群自我调节的规律以及Leslie模型进行数量动态分析,从而提出了次生林数量动态与经营的生态经济对策。     

基于PBPK模型评价三氯乙烯的职业暴露健康风险

三氯乙烯(TCE)作为脱脂和清洗剂被广泛应用于五金、电镀和电子等行业。TCE的职业暴露会产生一系列健康风险,包括过敏症和致癌等。2012年TCE被美国环保局(US EPA)和国际癌症研究机构列为1类致癌物。采用吸附管采样-热脱附/气相色谱-质谱法分析了大连市某企业车间生产工况下空气中TCE浓度。基于生理学的药代动力学(PBPK)模型预测了呼吸暴露途径下TCE在职业工人体内组织中的动态分布、代谢产物生成情况和致癌风险。TCE在不同组织中预测的最大浓度呈现出脂肪肠充分灌注室支气管非充分灌注室肝脏静脉血动脉血的趋势。预测的与致癌有关的代谢产物最大浓度表现为三氯乙酸二氯乙酸三氯乙醛S-二氯乙烯基-L-半胱氨酸。在监测的TCE水平(39.2±24.4)μg·m-3下,暴露8 h·d-1,连续暴露20年,基于外暴露评价的职业工人致癌风险均值为1.31×10-5,该暴露水平下,基于PBPK模型预测的TCE内暴露与外暴露计算的致癌风险水平相近,但基于具有致癌性主要代谢产物的内暴露致癌风险值是外暴露风险值的1.17～1.73倍。TCE的暴露水平越高,基于内暴露方法和外暴露方法的致癌风险评价结果差异越大。敏感性分析表明,心输出血流量和充分灌注室血流量对PBPK模型输出结果具有重要影响。不确定性分析表明,模型参数变化会显著地影响PBPK模型输出结果,但变异在可接受水平。本研究结果说明,评价TCE暴露对人的致癌风险需要考虑其在体内的分布和代谢过程。     

过氧化氢酶活性及活性抑制的紫外分光光度测定

在体内实验条件下，测定了鲤鱼肝脏过氧化氢酶的活性。实验结果表明，过氧化氢酶的紫外分光光度法是可靠的，活性抑制结果表明，对－二硝基苯对鲤鱼肝脏过氧化氢酶无有明显的抑制作用。鲤鱼肝脏过氧化氢酶可作为一项指标用于生态毒理学研究。     

高锰酸盐复合剂强化饮用水除污染生产性研究

采用依时间序列进行对比的方法,考察了高锰酸盐复合剂(PPC)对饮用水源的强化除污染效能。生产性实验结果表明,PPC具有优良的强化混凝和强化过滤效能,能显著降低水厂沉后水和滤后水的浊度、COD_Mn、UV₂₅₄等水质指标。与未投加时相比较,水厂投加PPC后沉后水和滤后水浊度分别降低了25%和33.3%,沉后水和滤后水COD_Mn去除率分别提高了15.3%和11.5%,UV₂₅₄去除率分别提高了16.3%和9.5%。同时,GC/MS分析表明PPC能有效去除水源水中的多种微量有机污染物,显著提高饮用水的化学安全性。PPC通过高锰酸钾的氧化作用,水合二氧化锰的吸附作用,以及各组分间的协同强化作用,显著提高了对水中污染物质的去除效率。     

苇浆造纸黑液的Fenton预处理研究

采用Fenton试剂预处理高浓度苇浆造纸黑液,经正交设计得出各因素对黑液COD去除率的影响顺序为:pH＞[H2O2]＞[Fe2 ]＞反应时间.确定最佳操作条件为:初始pH=4、[H2O2]=0.088 mol/L、[Fe2 ]=14.39 mmol/L、反应40 min,此条件下废水COD去除率可达80%以上,色度及浊度去除率达96%.动力学表明:Fenton试剂预处理高浓度苇浆造纸黑液的表观过程近似符合一级反应规律.废水经处理后可生化性指标BOD/COD平均从0.303升高到0.558.     

厌氧序批式反应器产氢

以啤酒厂废水处理厂UASB中的厌氧污泥为种泥,葡萄糖为基质,研究了厌氧序批式反应器产氢。控制反应器内pH为4.0～4.5,温度为(36±1)℃,水力停留时间为8 h,当进水葡萄糖浓度为4 000 mg/L,容积负荷为12 kg/(m3.d)条件下,该厌氧序批式反应器实现了连续高效厌氧产氢。生物气中的氢气含量约为48%～53%,基质产氢率为1.1 mol/mol葡萄糖,COD去除率为15%～25%,最大比产氢速率为84.5 mol/(kg VSS.d)。液相末端发酵产物中乙醇和乙酸的含量占液相末端发酵产物总量的80%以上,表明该反应器内进行的是乙醇型发酵厌氧产氢。厌氧序批式反应器完全可以实现连续高效厌氧产氢,比较适用于日处理量较小的高浓度含糖废水。     

铜氰溶液的电子束辐照降解

研究了铜氰溶液中总氰初始浓度、pH、铜浓度等对总氰降解效率的影响,比较了KCN溶液和铜氰溶液的总氰降解率,初步推断了铜氰溶液在辐照过程中的降解机制.实验结果表明,在同样的辐照剂量下,随着总氰初始浓度的增加,总氰降解率降低,相应的总氰降解G值增大;铜浓度越低,总氰降解率越高;pH越小的铜氰溶液总氰降解率越高.电子束辐照KCN溶液和铜氰溶液的总氰降解反应属于表观一级反应.在相同的辐照剂量下,KCN溶液的总氰降解率比铜氰溶液要高得多.铜氰溶液的电子束辐照降解过程非常复杂,主要是铜氰络合离子逐步离解出的CN-与·OH的反应.     

公路地表灰尘及径流中颗粒物附着重金属对比研究

对北京城区北三环上北太平桥以西约300 m处路段地表灰尘及径流中不同粒径颗粒物附着重金属载荷进行对比研究.结果表明:(1)随着颗粒物粒径的增大,地表灰尘中颗粒物附着重金属浓度总体上逐渐降低;地表灰尘中<40.00 μm颗粒物附着重金属浓度最高;重金属载荷分布集中度不强,但主要集中在地表灰尘中<300.00 μm的颗粒物L.(2)地表径流中大部分重金属附着在<125.00 μm颗粒物上;0.45～10.00 μm颗粒物附着重金属载荷最高;0.45～40.00 μm颗粒物附着重金属载荷平均为77.1%.(3)地表灰尘中<40.00 μm的颗粒物的潜在水环境风险不太突出,但是其实际水环境影响却起主导作用.(4)进入水体的小粒径颗粒物质量分数升高是地表灰尘和径流重金届载荷随颗粒物粒径分布不同的重要原因之一;大气湿沉降对小粒径颗粒物重金属载荷可能会有一定的影响.     

Kinetics and pathways for the debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by bimetallic and nanoscale zerovalent iron: effects of particle properties and catalyst

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are recognized as a new class of widely-distributed and persistent contaminants for which effective treatment and remediation technologies are needed. In this study, two kinds of commercially available nanoscale Fe⁰ slurries (Nanofer N25 and N25S), a freeze-dried laboratory-synthesized Fe⁰ nanoparticle (nZVI), and their palladized forms were used to investigate the effect of particle properties and catalyst on PBDE debromination kinetics and pathways. Nanofers and their palladized forms were found to debrominate PBDEs effectively. The laboratory-synthesized Fe⁰ nanoparticles also debrominated PBDEs, but were slower due to deactivation by the freeze-drying and stabilization processes in the laboratory synthesis. An organic modifier, polyacrylic acid (PAA), bound on N25S slowed PBDE debromination by a factor of three to four compared to N25. The activity of palladized nZVI (nZVI/Pd) was optimized at 0.3 Pd/Fe wt% in our system. N25 could debrominate selected environmentally-abundant PBDEs, including BDE 209, 183, 153, 99, and 47, to end products di-BDEs, mono-BDEs and diphenyl ether (DE) in one week, while nZVI/Pd (0.3 Pd/Fe wt%) mainly resulted in DE as a final product. Step-wise major PBDE debromination pathways by unamended and palladized Fe⁰ are described and compared. Surface precursor complex formation is an important limiting factor for palladized Fe⁰ reduction as demonstrated by PBDE pathways where steric hindrance and rapid sequential debromination of adjacent bromines play an important role.     

A meta-analysis of heavy metals pollution in farmland and urban soils in China over the past 20 years

A total of 713 research papers about field monitor experiments of heavy metals in farmland and urban soils in China, published from 2000 to 2019, were obtained. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the level of China's heavy metal pollution in soils, mainly focusing on eight heavy metals. It was found that the average concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) in China were 0.19, 30.74, 85.86, 25.81, 0.074, 67.37, 27.77 and 8.89 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with the background value (0.097 mg/kg), the Cd content showed a twofold (0.19 mg/kg) rise in farmland soils and a threefold (0.29 mg/kg) rise in urban soils. The decreasing order of the mean I_geo was Cd (1.77) > Pb (0.62) > Zn (0.60) > Cu (0.58) > Hg (0.57) > Cr (0.54) > Ni (0.47) > As (0.28). Nearly 33.54% and 44.65% of sites in farmland and urban soils were polluted with Cd. The average concentrations of eight heavy metals were not sensitive change in recent two decades in farmland and urban soils. The average P_n values for urban (2.52) and farmland (2.15) soils showed that heavy metal pollution in urban soils was more serious than that in farmland, and the middle Yangtze River regions, where industrial activity dominates, were the most polluted. The meta-analysis comprehensively evaluated the current pollution situation of soil heavy metal, and provided important basis for soil management and environment prevention in China.