Trace elemental characterization of fly ash

The purpose of this study was to determine heavy metal concentrations in ash samples taken from the filter of the gas cleaning system of biomass incinerators in Austria. Knowing the concentrations of heavy metals is important for the decision of further treatment or utilization of the ashes. The heavy metals contained in the ashes remain in the bottom ash of the incinerator or leave the incinerator with the off-gas and are collected in the off-gas filter. The amount of the metals in the collected fly ash depends on the composition of the input material. The aim of this study was to examine this influence and compare the results with literature data. For measurement, the fly ash samples were at first dissolved in a microwave digestion unit using nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. Afterwards, 20 metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn were found in higher concentrations in the fly ash samples. The enrichment factor between the concentrations in the fly ash and the concentrations in the input material was on average in the range of 18.     

珠江水产品中滴滴涕和六六六残留特征及风险评价

以珠江河口水生食物链较顶端的鱼类和虾类作为研究对象,利用气相色谱(GC-ECD)法检测分析了有机氯农药滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)及其单体在这些水生动物体内的残留水平和特征,以期为珠江流域水生生物生态风险评价提供基础资料和科学依据。结果显示,鱼类肌肉中的DDTs含量(以湿质量计)范围为未检出(nd)～42.73μg.kg-1(平均值为7.61μg.kg-1),在虾类肌肉中的含量范围为nd～9.51μg.kg-1(平均值为1.97μg.kg-1);鱼类肌肉中的HCHs含量范围为nd～1.71μg.kg-1(平均值为0.62μg.kg-1),在虾类肌肉中的含量范围为nd～0.86μg.kg-1(平均值为0.56μg.kg-1)。鱼类肌肉中DDTs和HCHs的残留均值高于虾类,而鱼类和虾类体内DDTs的残留量均高于HCHs的残留量。HCHs、DDTs的单体分别以γ-HCH、p,p'-DDT的含量最高,而且近期都有新的污染源输入。所采集的水产品中DDTs、HCHs残留量尚低于我国的无公害水产品质量安全标准要求(GB18406.4),亦低于日本、欧盟等发达国家和地区相关的最大残留限量,因此,DDTs、HCHs通过膳食的暴露暂时不会对该地区的人体健康产生危害。     

Normative barriers improvement through the MADS/MOSAR methodology

During the past 30 years, safety and environmental topics have moved up on the list of society’s significant concerns. Administrations and regulatory bodies have to publish rules for the protection of the public, decide whether to authorize the use of a chemical product or the construction of a new plant, limit the environmental impact, regulate waste disposal, etc. All these rules i.e. the legislative, normative and procedural corpus of a country, a state, a city or a factory can be designated to a barrier function. These barriers are indispensable and play an important role in industrial safety management. In developed countries, growth during the past few years in the number of laws directed at regulating environmental and safety aspects in industry is well known to everyone. Now the definition, classification and performance of the legislative and normative barriers definitely allow the management of technological risks. So it is possible to permit the identification of the flux of hazard and to perform risk reduction in order to enhance the acceptability in a regional context. A systemic risk analysis methodology was applied to Colombian industrial sectors. The current legislation was analyzed with three scenarios. A global panorama of the different existing instruments allowing future management opportunities was suggested. The obtained analysis results propose a point of view, which could be useful for a local government or a whole national system to evaluate or improve the risk legislative and normative barriers. This modeling can be applied to other countries and to other industrial sectors.     

灾害·资源·环境

印度洋地震海啸带给人们的创伤还来抚平,一系列大地震又接踵而来。曾经有人说,印度洋地震海啸造成的30多万人的伤亡记录,恐怕要成为若干世纪里自然灾害伤亡之最。然而,如果人类不能由此而警醒,不能由此强化防灾减灾意识,不能由此做好各种预防工作,谁又能保证这个记录不会被很快刷新呢?     

曳引式电梯平衡系数检测现状及发展趋势

简要介绍了曳引式电梯平衡系数的本质和意义;分析了现行的各种针对曳引式电梯平衡系数检测方法的优缺点,并对曳引式电梯平衡系数检测的未来发展趋势做出了展望。     

科学与求是

本期《防灾博览》编发之际,正值中国地震局与辽宁省人民政府刚刚联合召开海城地震成功预报30周年纪念大会,并树立了海城地震纪念碑。     

聚苯乙烯微塑料长期暴露对海水青鳉(Oryzias melastig-ma)亲代生长、繁殖及子代发育的影响

微塑料污染是近年来受到国际社会广泛关注的海洋环境问题之一,由微塑料造成的生态和人类健康风险不容小觑,但微塑料对鱼类的长期危害目前尚无定论.为评估微塑料颗粒对海洋鱼类的长期影响,选取塑料生产和环境中常见的聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)为研究对象,对海水青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)60 dph(days post hatching,dph)幼鱼进行了为期50 d的长期暴露,系统研究PS暴露对海水青鳉亲代的生长、繁殖和子代胚胎发育等的影响.结果显示,在粒径为10μm、浓度为1×104 parti-cles·L-1和1×105 particles·L-1暴露条件下,PS处理组亲代体长和体质量的改变与对照组相比无显著差异,PS暴露未显著影响亲代性成熟进程和受精过程;PS暴露未显著影响子代胚胎心率和孵化时间,但能显著降低子代孵化率,造成胚胎发育畸形.上述结果表明,PS长期暴露对亲代生长和繁殖未产生明显影响,但对子代的胚胎发育具有不利影响,研究结果为科学评估海洋微塑料污染的生态风险提供了重要参考.     

Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes on the freshwater diatom Nitzschia frustulum: evaluation of growth,cellular components and morphology

Great attention should be paid to the possible impacts of various nanoparticles on aquatic organism. Freshwater diatoms are essential components of phytoplankton and play a critical role in bioassessment of nanoparticle exposure in the environment. In this study, cell growth was inhibited by TiO₂-NPs and MWCNTs, the 24?h EC₅₀ values of TiO₂-NPs and MWCNTs to Nitzschia frustulum were 20.75 and 24.64?mg?L^?1, respectively. Significant decreases of Chl a content after TiO₂-NPs exposures were detected and the Chl a content of N. frustulum was obviously increased by MWCNTs treatment at lower concentration. The ROS was detected in N. frustulum after TiO₂-NPs and MWCNTs exposures. The MDA content was significantly induced by TiO₂-NPs at lower concentrations of 24 and 48?h exposure; meanwhile, it increased at all tested concentrations at 24?h MWCNTs exposure. The SOD enzyme was induced by 72 and 96?h TiO₂-NPs exposure, and increased by MWCNTs treatment at 96?h in N. frustulum. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that N. frustulum had obvious cell deformation after TiO₂-NPs treatment. The result showed that the physiological and biochemical response mechanisms after NPs exposure of diatom were species-specific, and in relation to the exposure concentration and time.     

Identifying human-induced influence on microbial community: A comparative study in the effluent-receiving areas in Hangzhou Bay

Microbial compositions showed high differences in two study areas. COD was the key anthropogenic indicator in the coastal wastewater disposal area. Distinctive microbes capable of degrading toxic pollutants were screened. Microbial communities in effluent-receiving areas followed “niche theory”. Microbial community structure is affected by both natural processes and human activities. In coastal area, anthropegenetic activity can usually lead to the discharge of the effluent from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to sea, and thus the water quality chronically turns worse and marine ecosystem becomes unhealthy. Microorganisms play key roles in pollutants degradation and ecological restoration; however, there are few studies about how the WWTP effluent disposal influences coastal microbial communities. In this study, sediment samples were collected from two WWTP effluent-receiving areas (abbreviated as JX and SY) in Hangzhou Bay. First, based on the high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, microbial community structure was analyzed. Secondly, several statistical analyses were conducted to reveal the microbial community characteristics in response to the effluent disposal. Using PCoA, the significant difference of in microbial community structure was determined between JX and SY; using RDA, water COD and temperature, and sediment available phosphate and ammonia nitrogen were identified as the key environmental factors for the community difference; using LDA effect size analysis, the most distinctive microbes were found and their correlations with environmental factors were investigated; and according to detrended beta-nearest-taxon-index, the sediment microbial communities were found to follow “niche theory”. An interesting and important finding was that in SY that received more and toxic COD, many distinctive microbes were related to the groups that were capable of degrading toxic organic pollutants. This study provides a clear illustration of eco-environmental deterioration under the long-term human pressure from the view of microbial ecology.     

青藏工程走廊冻土场地地震动特征初步分析

在分析青藏工程走廊冻土波速基本特征基础上,结合室内动三轴有关冻土动力学特性的试验结果,考虑不同超越概率的人造地震荷载作用,对青藏高原多年冻土场地地震动特征进行分析。冻土场地地震反应计算考虑了气候变化和工程活动引起多年冻土温度升高、活动层厚度增大的背景,分别对不同冻土场地条件地震动特征进行分析,明确了活动层厚度、融冻状态及冻土层厚度等因素对冻土场地的加速度放大效应、地基土应变及反应谱特征周期变化特征。研究结果表明,尽管地表峰值加速度放大系数随活动层厚度增加而增加,然而活动层土体厚度及状态的变化不足以改变场地的固有特性,对场地特征周期影响不明显。场地的固有特性随着冻土层厚度的变化而发生变化,冻土层厚度对地震动放大效应的抑制作用随着输入地震荷载的增大越为明显。冻土层厚度对场地特征周期值影响较大,场地特征周期随着冻土层厚度增加呈对数增大趋势。