Field evaluation of nitrogen availability from fresh and composted manure

Prediction of manure nitrogen availability to crops is key to ensuring adequate production while minimizing potential adverse environmental impacts. This field study estimated first-year and residual N availability from several manures subjected to various levels of processing, and evaluated the applicability of the pre-sidedress soil N test (PSNT) in fields receiving the different manures using corn (Zea mays L.) as the test crop. Plots received several rates of fresh (FP), dried (DP), or composted (CP) poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) manure, composted cow (Bos taurus) (CC) manure, ammonium nitrate (AN), or no N. Crop yields and N uptake from plots where CC was applied were undistinguishable from controls in most years, whereas poultry manures significantly increased corn production. Average apparent first-year N availability, as measured by fertilizer equivalence, was 57, 53, 14, and 4% for FP, DP, CP, and CC respectively. Apparent second-year N availability, as measured by relative effectiveness, was 18, 19, 12, and 7% for FP, DP, CP, and CC; however, for CC both first- and second-year estimates of apparent N recovery (ANR) could statistically not be separated from the controls. Apparent nitrogen avail-ability was greater for less processed manures and for CP compared to CC, emphasizing that producers should know the source and level of compost stability when these materials are used as a primary nutrient source. The PSNT successfully (87% correct) identified sites with a critical value of 24 mg kg(-1) that were N sufficient across a variety of N amendments from those that would have benefitted from additional N input.     

球团竖炉工艺除尘用新型高效电除尘器

根据竖炉烟尘特点,提出电除尘器设计方面值得推广应用的新技术,如振打方式、振打锤形式、绝缘悬吊方式、供电方式等,力求实用。     

Simultaneous monitoring of PCB profiles in the urban air of Dalian, China with active and passive samplings

The concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the urban air of Dalian, China was monitored from November 2009 to October 2010 with active high-volume sampler and semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) passive sampler. The concentration of PCBs (particle + gas) ( ∑ PCBs) ranged from 18.6 to 91.0 pg/m 3 , with an average of 50.9 pg/m 3 , and the most abundant dioxin-like PCB (DL-PCBs) was PCB118. The WHO-TEQ values of DL-PCBs were 3.6-22.1 fg/m3 , with an average of 8.5 fg/m 3 , and PCB126 was the maximum contributor to ∑ TEQ. There was a much larger amount of PCBs in the gas phase than in the particulate phase. The dominant PCB components were lower and middle molecular weight PCBs. With increasing chlorination level, the concentration of the PCB congeners in the air decreased. The gas-particulate partitioning of PCBs was different for the four seasons. The gas- particulate partitioning coefficients (logK p ) vs. subcooled liquid vapor pressures (logP L 0 ) of PCBs had reasonable correlations for different sampling sites and seasons. The absorption mechanism contributed more to the gas-particulate partitioning process than adsorption. Correlation analysis of meteorological parameters with the concentration of PCBs was conducted using SPSS packages. The ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure were important factors influencing the concentration of PCBs in the air. The distribution pattern of the congeners of PCBs and the dominant contributors to DL-PCBs and TEQ in active samples and SPMDs passive samples were similar. SPMD mainly sequestrated gas phase PCBs.     

Effect of potential HONO sources on peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation in eastern China in winter

As an important secondary photochemical pollutant, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) has been studied over decades, yet its simulations usually underestimate the corresponding observations, especially in polluted areas. Recent observations in north China found unusually high concentrations of PAN during wintertime heavy haze events, but the current model still cannot reproduce the observations, and researchers speculated that nitrous acid (HONO) played a key role in PAN formation. For the first time we systematically assessed the impact of potential HONO sources on PAN formation mechanisms in eastern China using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model in February of 2017. The results showed that the potential HONO sources significantly improved the PAN simulations, remarkably accelerated the RO_x (sum of hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy radicals) cycles, and resulted in 80%–150% enhancements of PAN near the ground in the coastal areas of eastern China and 10%–50% enhancements in the areas around 35–40°N within 3 km during a heavy haze period. The direct precursors of PAN were aldehyde and methylglyoxal, and the primary precursors of PAN were alkenes with C > 3, xylenes, propene and toluene. The above results suggest that the potential HONO sources should be considered in regional and global chemical transport models when conducting PAN studies.     

现代控制理论在河流水质系统状态估计中的应用

本文基于导出的河流水质系统随机状态空间模型，提出了以能够即时测定的ＤＯ浓度实时估计不易测定的ＢＯＤ浓度的塔穆勒滤波方法。通过仿真实例，证明了该滤波方法能在较大范围内适用于河流水质系统的状态估计，用ＤＯ估计ＢＯＤ是可行的。     

The pollution levels, variation characteristics, sources and implications of atmospheric carbonyls in a typical rural area of North China Plain during winter

Atmospheric carbonyls were measured at a typical rural area of the North China Plain (NCP) from November 13 to December 24, 2017 to investigate the pollution characteristics, sources and environmental implications. Fifteen carbonyls were detected, and formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone accounted for about 81% at most. The concentration of the total carbonyls in heavily polluted days was twice more than that in clean days. In contrast to other carbonyls, m-tolualdehyde exhibited relatively high concentrations in the clean days in comparison with the polluted days. The ratios of three principal carbonyls to CO showed similar daily variations at different pollution levels with significant daytime peaks. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the contributions of background, primary and secondary sources to three principal carbonyls showed similar variation trends from the clean level to the heavily polluted level. The OH formation rate of formaldehyde showed a similar variation trend to its photodegradation rate, reaching the peak value at noon, which is important to maintain relatively high OH levels to initiate the oxidation of various gas-phase pollutants for secondary pollutant formation at the rural site. OH radical consumption rate and ozone formation potential (OFP) calculations showed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the dominant oxidative species among measured carbonyls. As for OH radical consumption, n-butyraldehyde and m-tolualdehyde were important contributors, while for ozone formation potential, n-butyraldehyde and propionaldehyde made significant contributions. In addition, the contribution of carbonyl compounds to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation was also important and needs further investigation.     

Effect of pyrene on denitrification activity and abundance and composition of denitrifying community in an agricultural soil

Toxicity of pyrene on the denitrifiers was studied by spiking an agricultural soil with pyrene to a series of concentrations (0-500 mg kg⁻¹) followed by dose-response and dynamic incubation experiments. Results showed a positive correlation between potential denitrification activity and copy numbers of denitrifying functional genes (nirK, nirS and nosZ), and were both negatively correlated with pyrene concentrations. Based on the comparison of EC₅₀ values, denitrifiers harboring nirK, nirS or nosZ gene were more sensitive than denitrification activity, and denitrifiers harboring nirS gene were more sensitive than that harboring nirK or nosZ genes. Seven days after spiking with EC₅₀ concentration of pyrene, denitrifiers diversity decreased and community composition changed in comparison with the control. Phylogenetic analyses of three genes showed that the addition of pyrene increased the proportion of Bradyrhizobiaceae, Rhodospirillales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales. Some species belonging to these groups were reported to be able to degrade PAHs.     

火灾后钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯可靠性

利用ANSYS软件对火灾发生时钢筋混凝土梁截面的最高温度分布进行了分析,确定了火灾后钢筋混凝土梁的抗力折减系数,建立了火灾后梁的抗力模型和极限状态方程.利用改进的一次二阶矩法计算了不同温度作用下钢筋混凝土梁在承受原设计荷载时的可靠性指标,分析了不同受火时间对钢筋混凝土梁可靠性指标的影响,为火灾后钢筋混凝土构件的破损评估分析提供了理论基础.算例分析表明,不同受火时间对钢筋混凝土梁的可靠性有很大的影响,梁在受火时间超过120分钟时,需进行加固维修.     

造纸黑液资源化清洁生产工程技术

造纸黑液资源化联产工程技术,具有新颖的构思,用回收资源来治理污染,将秸秆的利用从单一的纤维素造纸,改造为综合利用纤维素,木质素和聚糖类等资源和联产技术,本技术污染治理彻底,将黑液各组分分离,生产出３种原料产品,二次产品开发前景广阔,具有明显的环境效益,社会效益和经济效益。     

南四湖港口污染物扩散区COD降解系数的研究

本文对南四湖港口污染物扩散区内的ＣＯＤ降解规律进行了室内模拟试验研究,采用最小二乘法估计出了ＣＯＤ可降解部分的降解系数和不可降解部分的百分比,并通过方差分析验证了模型的可靠性。ＣＯＤ降解系数和不可降解百分比的获取,可以为预测各港口对南四湖水质变化趋势的影响,为制定相应的水污染防治规划和措施,提供了重要的基础数据。